Hiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay - 1568 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, more commonly known as HIV, started as a serious illness and eventually led to death rapidly. About thirty years ago HIV was discovered as a transition from chimpanzees to humans in West Africa. The researchers believed that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated when humans hunted these chimpanzees for food, coming into contact with their infected blood. Over the years, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world, such as the United States (â€Å"Where did HIV come from† all). In the U.S, 4,000 people are diagnosed with HIV every year (â€Å"HIV/AIDS at A Glance†). Instead having any symptoms or signs of this epidemic illness, the rate of victims grew greatly (â€Å"What is HIV†). As a result, HIV is not completely curable, but there are ways to control it. Testing positive for HIV now provides updates of additional information not kno wn about including causes, signs, treatment, and prevention. The lack of knowledge on sexually transmitted diseases aren’t fulfilled as they should be. Aids stands for an acquired immune deficiency syndrome and is caused by a virus called HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The immune deficiency was discovered and informed in the early 1980’s. This deficiency takes over the body, making humans much weaker and susceptible to catching diseases and infections. As HIV grows, it gets stronger and the syndrome progresses. Doctors areShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. The virus continues to race around the world, and new HIV infections are at 50,000 per year (Martine Peeters, Matthieu Jung, Ahidjo Ayouba) (2013). The final outcome of the HI V infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are many treatments that have developed to help the large numberRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesHIV has been a pandemic that has affected the world relentlessly for many years in a never-ending circle. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the virus that is spread through certain bodily fluids and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this virus is acquired, the human can never fully rid itself of thisRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )884 Words   |  4 Pages(2010), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that affects the human immune system, leading to a chronic, progressive sickness that leaves people susceptible to opportunistic infections. When the body no long er can fight or resist infections, the condition is at this point referred to as AIDS, which means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Averagely, it has been found to take more than ten years to develop from initial infection of HIV to AIDS. Though simple in description, HIV and AIDSRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )862 Words   |  4 Pagesshown that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS. More than 33.4 million people worldwide are infected with the HIV virus today. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a virus similar to that of the flu or common cold. The differentiating factor is that with the flu and cold, your body will eventually clear the virus out of your system, but with the HIV virus, the immune system cannot clear it. Getting HIV means you have it for life. The virus immediately beginsRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uses of Blood by the HIV Virus Blood-borne diseases have contributed greatly to poor health outcomes among individuals and communities. Though blood fulfills various functions to ensure our survival, it can also act as the mechanism through which we become diseased. Understanding the characteristics of such infectious diseases is essential to preventing further cases. In this paper I will discuss how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses blood to cause illness within the infected individualRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1261 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become more commonly seen in the world. It is important to show compassion rather than judging that patient based on a virus. The hygienist plays an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromisingRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is HIV? HIV is a fatal disease which stands for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus† it is a failure to the immune system to protect the body from any infections. This virus causes a condition called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When HIV is left untreated it leads to another disease called â€Å"AIDS†. It can occur in any age, race, sex or sexual orientation. The highest risk of contracting HIV is having unprotected sex and sharing needles with others. Another factor are people that have STI’s andRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )980 Words   |  4 Pages The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an immune system disorder that can be contracted through sexual activity as well as other types of contact. (Healthy Living, pg. 79) If left untreated this virus can turn into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the final stage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (aids.gov) AIDS is an incurable progressive disease that causes gradual destruction of CD4 T cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (Diseases, pg. 431) A healthyRead MoreHiv, Or Human Immunodeficiency Virus998 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the human immune system and greatly weakens the body’s ability to fight foreign invaders and infection. HIV first demanded notice in the early 1980s in the United States in homosexual men displaying illnesses like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The disease was soon observed in IV drug users, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients, but became publicized as a â€Å"gay disease,† nicknamed by the media as GRID, or Gay-RelatedRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDs by infecting the T Helper cells of the body’s immune system. The AIDS virus is the final stages of the HIV virus. HIV is a lentivirus genus, which is a subgroup of the retrovirus that causes the AIDS virus. Even with proper treatment, an infected person has a life expectancy of less than ten years.As the virus weakens t he human immune systems, this effectleaves the patient compromised and at risk to opportunistic infections

Study guide answer exam Free Essays

Keep in mind that I am looking at your exam questions while writing the study guide. Be sure you know what the terms are, how they have been researched, and describe your answers In your own words. I decided to limit your test to the first three chapters. We will write a custom essay sample on Study guide answer exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can do quite well focusing on the material below. Enjoy! Why is drug withdrawal a painful experience for addicts? Using drugs puts an excess amount of neurotransmitters in the body. When there is an overflow the brain stops making it naturally and when the drug wears off it takes mime for the brain to star making the chemical once again on its own system. Some neurotransmitters are dopamine, serotonin, Acetylene’s, Morphogenesis, Gamma- nonparametric acid, Endorphins. Endorphins are natural opiates. Brooch’s area and Wrinkle’s area in the brain and their responsibilities. B- speaking W-understanding What does It mean to be randomly assigned? The design of a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition. What does it mean to be debriefed? A discussion of procedures, hypothesis. And subject reactions at the completion of the study. Explain what a correlation is and its mathematical representation. A correlation exists when 2 variables are related to each other. May be positive or negative depends on nature of the association between the variables measured. Correlation Indicates the 2 variables that change together In the opposite direction. Strength of correlation depends on size of coefficient. Be very clear about the difference between correlation and causation. What is responsible for carrying information from the central nervous system to tissue? What s an independent and dependent variable? What do we know about Alchemist’s disease, schizophrenia and neurotransmitters? Alchemist’s brains show to have low levels of ACH-Acetylene’s. Schizophrenia is linked to excess levels of dopamine. What Is an agonies/antagonist and how do they work? Chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter. Antagonist *jiff]: Chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter. Agonies works with the muscles, and the antagonist is the muscle working against it Know all of the various schools of psychology and their arguments. Structuralism was eased on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements related. Functionalism was based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather that it’s structure. Natural selection inherited characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely the alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be â€Å"selected† over time. Behaviorism is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. Humanism is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. What is research replication and why do it? The repetition of study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated. What were the Greek philosophers interested in discovering? Know our policies described on our syllabus well. Know the key points and messages of ALL of our video presentations; Know all of the research methods discussed in class along with their strengths and weaknesses. What is the magical responsible for? What comprises the limbic system, endocrine system, sympathetic nervous system, peripheral nervous system central nervous system. Limbic systemic: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippopotamus, and the magical. Endocrine systemic?k G: Group of glandless* that secrete†Z chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily function. Sympathetic nervous immobilizers the body resources for emergencies. Peripheral nervous all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. Central nervous G: Brain and spinal cord. How do neurons communicate? Axons and dendrites carry information to and from the cell body. Neurotransmitters send signals chemically between neurons. What is the placebo effect? According to ancient Greek civilizations, what is psychology? A definition for a topic of study. Psyche was used to refer to the soul, spirit, or mind, as distinguished from the Know all of your brain lobes, their location and their responsibilities. Frontal lobes: speaking, muscle movements, making plans, Judgments Parietal lobes: sensory area Occipital lobes: vision Temporal lobes: auditory In order to measure either a physical or mental construct, what criteria must the measure meet? Mean, median, mode they have been researched, and describe your answers in your own words. I decided material below. Learn a lot and earn an A. Enjoy! Why is drug withdrawal a painful experience for addicts (hint: What are the brains’ natural opiates called)? Text Lecture Your brain stop produce dopamine†¦ Because the drug give too much†¦ And when you stop taking them. There are no dopamine left What does it mean to be randomly assigned? Text Lecture Randomly select object or†¦. It can generalize the whole population that represent chi What does it mean to be debriefed? Text Ex: give you the different reason for certain study†¦ And tell you the truest after Explain what a correlation is and its mathematical representation. Text Lecture Ex: something cause other things to happen†¦ A cause B†¦ Ex: not study cause bad grade†¦ Mathematical representation—positive +1 no correlation negative correlation -1 as the research close to O, that means it have no correlation What’s the relationship between ice cream sales and pool drowning? Lecture Relation between this too is summer. Cause more sale in ice cream, the more people go swim and more people drowning. A- ice cream b-PDP C heat c cause A and B so more B=more What is an independent and dependent variable? Text Lecture Independent-music they listen dependent- how many world they memorize (amount that been measure) to Lecture Alchemies – schizophrenia-have ex dopamine or lack neurotransmitters (page 75)(he like to test drugs and what effect) What is an agonies/ antagonist and how do they work? Lecture Agonies- keep the reaction going antagonist-stop the reaction going (ex antagonist can stop the pain) Know all of the various schools of psychology and their arguments?structuralisms, Functionalists, Behaviorist’s, etc. Lecture Structuralism- need name v†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ First school in German-take what you have experience and break down-(ex what make you anger) Functionalism- †¦. James – ex(why people drop out school†¦ ) stall-study the whole not parts of the brain he study dreams†¦ Hypnoses John Watson-more about behavior and something that can measure skinner-rewards and punishment How to cite Study guide answer exam, Papers

Health Care and Correct Medication free essay sample

Antibiotics are either given orally, applied to the skin in ointment form or injected, this all depends on the type of infection the body is currently trying to fight off, for example skin infections are treated with ointment, oral antibiotics are used to fight of moderate infections and injective antibiotics are most commonly used in the hospitals and are reserved for serious infections. Analgesics:- analgesics are a medication which are used to relieve pain, this is done by blocking pain signals which are sent from the brain or by interfering with the signals. Analgesics are most commonly found in paracetamol and ibuprofen and are used for pain such as headaches. There are three common ways in which analgesics can be administered, these are; orally for moderate pain such as headaches, intravenous which is used in hospitals when an individual goes on a drip, epidurals are used when women are in labour. Antihistamines:- antihistamines are medication which are used to relieve the symptoms of allergies. Antihistamines work by blocking the chemical release which happens when the body is allergic to something. Antihistamines are most commonly found in Piriton which is commonly used for hay fever symptoms. Antihistamines can be taken in oral or inhalation form using a nasal spray. The oral form targets itching, runny nose and sneezing, the nasal spray works on congestion, itching and runny nose. Antacids:- Antacids are medication which are used to neutralize acid that is produced in the stomach, antacids increase the PH which reduces the acidity in the stomach, antacids are medication such as Gaviscon. Antacids are used to relieve the symptoms of heart burn, stomach ulcers and indigestion. Antacids are taken in oral form so that they end up in the stomach and lower the amount of acid inside causing pain. Anticoagulants:- anticoagulants are medication which is used to reduce and prevent blood clotting, anticoagulants work by thinning the blood so that is does not clot and block blood vessels. The most common form are heparin and Warfrin, these are most commonly used if an individual is at high risk of having a heart ttack. Anticoagulants can be taken orally in medication such as Warfrin or by injection; the medication is released into the blood stream and begins to thin the individual’s blood. Laxatives: Laxatives are a medication which are used to induce bowl movements or loosens an individual’s stool, laxatives work by absorbing water which increases the bulk of faeces; this therefore stimulates the bowls which moves the faeces along and out of the body. Laxatives are most commonly used when individuals are suffering from constipation. Laxatives are given orally or in per rectum form, they enter the bowls to soften stool are retain water to relieve the symptoms of constipation. Classification of medication:- Prescription only medicine:- prescription only medicines must be prescribed to individuals by a their doctor or other qualified health care profession, the individual must the take the prescription to a pharmacist or GP surgery to collect the medicine. Pharmacy medicine: Pharmacy medicines can be bought from pharmacy’s without a prescription but must have the supervision of a pharmacist. The medication is kept behind the counter so individuals therefore need assistance to buy them. The pharmacist will ensure there are no reasons that you should not be taking the medicines and that they are the correct drugs for you and your health condition. General Sales List Medicines: GSL medicines can be bought from pharmacies, supermarkets and many other retail outlets without the supervision of a pharmacist. These are used to treat minor health complaints that individual’s feel they do not need to go see a health profession about. P2 – describe common side effects of different types of medication Headaches:- headaches maybe a side effect of taking medication such as pain killers for a long period of time, this is because you body becomes used to the painkillers and when medication is stopped there is a rebound or withdrawal effect. Rashes:- Rashes can be a side effect of taking medication if you have an allergy to the drug. This is because the body builds up antibodies that instantly release chemicals into the body which cause red itchy rashes. Weight gain:- weight gain is most commonly caused when taking birth control drugs, this is caused by water retention and also the amount of hormone estrogens is in the drug which can cause and increased appetite. P3- explain relevant sections of key legislation associated guidelines with regard to the administration of edicines M1 – discuss organisational policies and procedures are by influenced legislation and guidelines with regard to the administration of medication D1 – evaluate the effect of legislation and guidelines on the administration of medicines The Medicines Act 1968:- The Medicines Act controls the manufacture and supply of medicines for human and veterinary use. The act defines three categories of the supply of drugs; Prescription only medicines, Pharmacy Medicine, and General sales list medicines the act controls which medicines fal l into which categories. Misuse use of drugs act 1971:- The misuse of drugs act generally covers all drugs that are illegal, with regard to the administration of medication the act covers drugs that are illegal to possess without prescription such as steroids and tranquillisers, these drugs are not illegal to possess if they have being prescribes but if not the individual may be prosecuted for possession or depending on the amount they have they may be charged with intent to supply the drug to the public. Mental capacity act: The Mental Capacity Act covers what procedure to follow for health and social care agencies with regard to medication management in relation to the mental capacity of an individual. In relation to prescribing the act says medication can only be prescribed to an individual without that persons consent when the person’s lack of capacity is beyond that they can understandingly agree. In regards to administration if the person does not have the mental capability to administer their own medicine, the medication should always be administered by adequately trained, competent staff member. Legal framework:- Prescribing and dispensing medication:- before medication can be prescribed, doctors or other health care professional must first assess the individual, this is necessary before the prescription can be given. When the prescription is given individuals must take it to a pharmacist to be able to pick up the medication. The pharmacist must follow legal procedures in which they must ensure there are no reasons that you should not be taking the medicines and that they are the correct drugs for you and your health condition. They should also explain how to take the medication if this is your first time of taking them. P4 – explain the roles and responsibilities of individuals with regard to the administration of medicines in health and social care setting M2: Compare the responsibilities and level of accountability assigned to individuals in the administration of medicines. Responsibilities and boundaries of all workers with regard to the safe handling of medicines (prescribing, dispensing, administration, storage and disposal):- Individuals involved in the process:- Prescribers (medical and non medical):- There are two types of providers, these are; independent providers and supplementary prescribers. Independent prescribers are responsible for assessing your health and/or condition, making decisions about how to manage your health/condition and prescribing medication. Independent providers are people such as doctors, dentists, nurse independent prescribers, pharmacist independent prescribers and optometrist. Supplementary prescribers are responsible for continuing your care after the independent prescriber has assessed your health, they work with the independent prescriber and the individual to make a clinical management plan which can be followed when the independent provider is no longer present. Supplementary prescribers are people such as nurses, midwives, pharmacist, physiotherapist and optometrist (eye care). Social care workers, the need to check that medication received matches the medication and dosage prescribed by the prescriber and is listed on the appropriate documentation:- in some cases people in care settings are unable to look after and take their own medicines meaning this job must go to the care workers. The social care workers must make sure that all medicine is correctly identified by label, that the individual taking the medication is identified, know the need for the medication and know any special precautions that surround taking the medication. Social workers who are responsible for giving medication must follow strict procedures to ensure that the job is done safely. Doctors when and to whom can information about an individuals medication may be disclosed and discussed:- Doctors must stick to strict confidentiality guidelines when working with patients, doctors may only break this confidentiality in serious situations, for example if an individual is planning to cause harm to themselves or others, confidentiality is allowed to be broken to prevent such circumstances, in regards to medication doctors may discuss this in special circumstances for example, if a patient is unable to self medicate, doctors may discuss the medication when carers or family members in order for the ndividual to be given the correct medication. Doctors – the need for confidentiality:- Doctor and patient confidentiality is a key role that lets the system work successfully, patients go to their doctors as they can trust them with any information they give and doctors are under oath not to disclose this information unless the situation is necessary in which confident iality can be breached, these are only in very serious cases though such as if a patient was in harm from themselves, of others or to others, the doctor may the breach confidentiality to prevent such circumstances from taking place. P5: Explain safe practice in administration and storage of medicines. M3: Discuss how to ensure safe practice in the administration of medicines. D2: Evaluate the role of safe practice in the administration and storage of medicines in terms of outcomes to individuals. Obtaining consent of administration:- Mental capacity and informed consent:- if an individual whom has a stable mental capacity, is receiving medical treatment they will be asked to give there consent for the treatment, the professional whom is treating the individual will explain the treatment they are receiving, the risks and benefits to receiving the treatment and any other information that they feel the individual needs to know, once the individual has given consent the treatment can the go ahead. Use of independent advocate, family member, medical professional to assist in achieving informed consent:- In some situations individuals may have communication issues such as speaking a different language, consent is still needed so in these cases an interpreter will be invited to translate and achieve the informed consent. In other circumstances the individual may have full mental capacity put is unable to sign to give their consent, in these situation they may need a family member and a medical professional to witness the consent to go ahead with the treatment Situations where informed consent is not possible:- in some situation when individuals are receiving medical treatment they may not have the mental capacity to give fully informed consents for such treatment. For example if an individual is unconscious or in a coma they are therefore unable to respond to give their consent. Medical staff will be encouraged to try every way possible to achieve consent from the individual but in some cases this is impossible and treatment can be needed urgently, in these circumstances the next of kin would come to a formal agreement as to what is in the best interest for the individual, a step by step documentation will be put together for if and when the individual becomes conscious or aware so that they can see and understand what treatment has taken place without there knowledge. Preparation prior to administration:- Correct equipment:-during the administration of medication correct equipments needs to be used to make sure hygiene is up to its highest possible standard. Health workers should wear gloves when administering medication, if working in care home aprons may also be necessary. Medication should also be kept in nomad or blister packs so that the correct dosages are given to the correct people at the correct time. Equipment may also need storing, disposing or cleaning in correct ways, such as; medication should be stored in locked cupboards or fridges depending on what is necessary, equipment such as needles for injections need to be disposed of in a sharpie box and a date should be set for the sharpie box to be disposed of properly, medication such as nasal sprays, nebulisers and inhalers need to be clean correctly in order to maintain the standard of hygiene. Correct recording documents:-in every health care environment if medication is administered it must be documented, this is a legal requirement to prevent double dosing or individuals missing medication. For example if a carer came on her shift to a client who is in a lot of pain, she may give the client a strong dose of pain killers, if she does not document this the next carer to come on the shift may do the exact same thing without realising the client has already taken a does, this can potentially be fatal, for this reason it is essential for the administration of medication to be recorded. Administration of medicines:- Ensuring the correct medication, correct dose, correct person, correct time, correct route or correct method:- When medication is administered health care staff must ensure that the correct procedure is followed, this is done by insuring the following are correct; the medication, the dose, the individual the medication is given to, the time, the route of method the medication is given. It is critical that all the steps are followed to ensure no mistakes are made as they could be potentially fatal. Paitent hoice:-in some cases, clients have days in which they just do not want to take their medication, whether it being that they make them feel ill or they are just sick of taking them, this is the individuals own decision and this must be respected by health care workers. Service providers should try encourage individuals to take their medication and explain why they should be taken them, if this does not work the individual cannot be forced to take medicat ion, health care workers should document the fact the client hasn’t taken the medication so that others can keep a check up this. Recording, reporting and seeking advice:- What to record:- When medication is administered by a health care worker they should make sure the following is recorded and documented; what medication is given and the dosage given, whom the medication is given to, how it was given. This is to ensure the safety of the individual and also for such things as if the client needs to go to hospital the doctors can see a recording of what has being given. Comments and signature after each administration:-after medication has being administered to a client it is necessary that the service users sighs the records or documents to state that the client has taken them. If medication is refused the service user need to make a comment of this, not signature is necessary as long as it is stated that the medication has being refused. If there are any adverse responses after the client has taken the medication this should also be reported so that this can be monitored in the future. Reporting and seeking advice:- if medication is refused this should first of all be recorded and then reported to a doctor or senior member of staff depending in the job role the service provider is in. If the client has a reaction to the medication this should also be reported to a senior member of staff or doctor. If the side effects are quite server then a decision will be made as to whether to carry on the medication or not. Audit and storage of stock:- Ensuring medication is stored according to manufacturer’s instructions:- it is extremely important that medication is stored correctly, this is generally helped if medication is stored in a nomad or blister pack put sometimes this is not always the case. If medication is stored separately then they need to be clearly labelled with the name of the medication, whom it is for, the dosage to be taken, and the date it is to be used by, this is to ensure the individuals safety when giving the medication. Medication should also be stored in a secure and clean are so that it cannot be taken by anyone whom is not the person it is labelled to and to keep hygiene standards as high as possible. Medication also needs to be stored at different temperatures depending on what it is, for example insulin needs to be kept at a temperature below 25Â °C therefore in warmer times and when insulin is not needed urgently it should be stored in the fridge to keep it the correct temperature. Ensuring that the number of doses received, administered and remaining is recorded:- recording medication on its arrival to the premises is an important documentation, when medication arrives doses and amount of medication should be recorded, the recording of stock prevents and situations of stolen medication or any mistakes in dosage. Health care staff should also keep a recording as to what is left so that if medication begins to get low a new batch can be ordered before they run out. Checking records for accuracy:- the health care worker whom in charge of medication should ensure that checks are made regularly of the recording of the administration of medication. The check will ensure that there is no mistakes being made as this could be potentially fatal to clients and that there is a persistent high standard of care taking place in the administration of medication.

Nursing Reflection free essay sample

In the context of professional practices reflection is defined as the examination of personal thoughts and actions (David, 2004). In this essay I am reflecting on an incident that happened in my earlier years of working as a professional nurse. The incident I am sharing and the subsequent learning I have gained by reflecting it helped me in the later years of my nursing career. During my career as a professional nurse I have worked in several hospitals also attended several cases and those provided me with lot of insights and leanings. As per NMC 2002 guidelines, for protecting identify of the patient, names have been replaced with pseudo names. For structuring my experience and the subsequent reflection I am using Gibbs (1998) model of reflection as a framework. By using Gibbs (1998) model the practitioner and also take emotions into account. As shown in the below diagram, this model for reflection consists of six stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Reflection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Figure : Gibbs reflective cycle. Source : Oxford Brookes University Gibbs reflection starts with describing the incident, analysing the feeling, evaluation of the experience, analysis of the experience, conclusion, what else can be done as the final step also it analyse about the future plan how to approach a similar situation in the future. The incident I want to describe happened during the third year when I was working. When I was working in the causality ward, and an 11 year old named Maria was admitted. From the first sight I figured out that Maria was in great deal of pain and I came to know that she met with an accident. She was conscious and was bleeding profusely. We have done the preliminary examination and found out that one of her legs were fractured. The people who brought her to the causality already left, she was alone and her parents or relatives were not yet reached the hospital. In that stage along with keeping her conscious I was also trying to establish a therapeutic relationship with Maria to create trust and confidence. As a medical professional it is important to build trust and confidence of the patient because it will increase the self-esteem of the patient and helps in diagnosis of the situation and in the process of healing (Hark reader Hogan, 2004). During that time I have noticed that Maria was not responding to my voice and not screaming and shouting like any other children do. For a short time I was wondering the reason for that and I immediately realised that her speaking and hearing was impaired. The situation was much more complicated than I was initially thought, in short I was dealing with a half conscious deaf and dumb girl, having multiple fractures also the possibility of internal bleeding. However as the biggest challenge I felt was her corporation. I can feel from her face that she was very nervous and in pain and also helpless to convey the difficulty she was facing. Feelings For taking the case forward and working with Maria, it is very critical to establish a good connection and communication between us. I remembered that communication could be established not only by verbal exchange but also means such as non-verbal exchange also (Black Chitty, 2007). In Maria’s case non-verbal communication using hand signals was the only way of communication that possible. I have stated completing the essential medical procedures, alongside I was trying to create a rapport with her by showing some hand signals which expresses sympathy and care. When I was with her I always tried to keep an eye contact so that she gets a feeling that I am interested and wanted to help her. According to Caris (1999) eye contact is a good way to communicate the sense of interest in the person one is conversing with. From Marisa’s reaction I figured out that my efforts were giving me good results, she started pointing where all she was feeling pain. Also she tried to tell me the whole chain of events happened using hand gestures. Evaluation From the experience with Maria, spending time with a patient to understand the situation she was actually in one of the critical factors in analysing a medical situation. Also I have developed a patient centric relationship between Maria rather than a task centric relationship. This relationship helped me in gaining the confidence of Maria and gave the best to treat her. Even in my later nursing experiences I have learned that most of the Nurse Patient communication is task centric relationship rather than patient centric relationship. On the contrary Maria and me developed a warm, genuine and empathic relationship as mentioned by Burnard (1990). Analysis I realised that for a patient like Maria adaptive communication skills are important. The establishment of interpersonal communication – communication that exists between two individuals(Funnel, 2005), have played an important role in get to know the situation of Maria better. My attempt to communicate with Maria through non verbal and hand signals helped me in handling and understanding the situation more effectively. White (2005), recommends that a professional nurse should learn alternative languages and methods to communicate with the patient so that she / he could handle the situation better. Further analysing the incident, when a patient is alone away from his / her family they feel insecure. In such situation it is difficult for a nurse or for a doctor to have the confidence of the patient. In the case of Maria also in the beginning she was a bit scared with the hospital environment and me, and I could like any other personal made her cooperate with me continue my work. However, instead I have tried to better understand her situation and build her trust in me. Hence I got an overview of the situation and full corporation from Maria and gained her trust. Furthermore, reflecting on the incident, I felt my approach of being patient centric rather than task centric helped me in giving better treatment to her. Generally many of nurses working with me that time given more preference to task centric approach. I reckon the task centric approach will touch only the surface and many a times using this approach medical professionals only scratch the surface by the guess work and experience rather than getting the inputs from the patient and looking into the matter more deeply. In short, as a conclusion I could effectively give adequate medical attention to Maria by establishing a therapeutic relationship. I realised that patients are different and the ways to handle each of them differently in order to gain the trust and confidence of each other. Also I learned that the practitioner should effectively communicate with the patient both ways such as patient centric communication and task centric communication (McCabe, 2004). In the case of Maria I can conclude that I effectively handled the situation by demonstration various skills such as my approach toward the patient, getting relavent answers, being an active listener, support the emtions of the patient and showing empathy towards the situation of the patient (Walsh, 2005). Action Plan The action plan I have prepared based on the case of Maria is mentioned below. Improving my communication skills : I have learned that communication is the foundation of the relationship (Wood, 2006). So I have decided to improve my communication skills, both verbal and non verbal communication skills and also decided to learn some additional languages. Improve my listening skills: I realised that listening skills are also important as the communication skills. I am trying to improve my listening skills especially I am listening to patients with out making notions or judgements. Handling different kind of patients: This part I consider one of the most critical part I have to take care of. Equip to handle any kind of patient even if they are visually challenged or mentally challenged. Maintain a diary: I also started writing a daily journal that mentions all the major events happed during my time with patients. By writing down the important events happened in my professional career I can always refer back the successes and failures I have made during my career and think how can I improve them next time. I am concluding that the unique learning experience and the reflection of the incident happened in Maria’s case proved very useful in my professional career. I have learned a great deal from this one incident and it made me think out of the box to handle the situation. These kind of incidences and the subsequent reflection made me not only a better professional but also a better person. I reckon myself more organised and I started considering more various other possibilities before I making a choice. Also I started using established models to structure my experiences and include all aspects of it with out missing anything. In Maria’s case Gibbs model enabled me to drill down the various aspects of the incident and enhance the understanding of the situation better. Word Count : 1510

Jessica Johnson v. Wilkinson Manufacturing Example

Jessica Johnson v. Wilkinson Manufacturing Example Jessica Johnson v. Wilkinson Manufacturing – Essay Example Jessica Johnson v. Wilkinson Manufacturing Labor law is a section of the laws that guides the relationship between employees and their employer, setting all the rules and regulation that controls this relationship (Albert, 2009). In the of case Jessica Johnson v. Wilkinson Manufacturing, there is an element of a conflict arising between the employee and the employer, based on a lack of equal pay for Jessica with the rest 0of the male employees who work at the same level with her. In such a case, she is aggrieved and has a cause to seek legal redress for the injustice perpetrated against her. Various acts have been enacted to operate in such a case, where the employer discriminates against their employees. In this case, the discrimination mooted against Jessica is unequal pay discrimination, which is based on her sex. Thus, the act available to address this injustice is the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (Walker & Morell, 2005). According to this act, any discrimination against individuals in pay, based on their sex is prohibited. Therefore, the act provides that individuals who work under the same establishment and in similar working conditions should be compensated equally for their services. If individuals are performing similar work, which is rated equally under the organizations job evaluation, and which is of similar value, then, they should be paid equally (Deakin & Morris, 2005). However, for any act of discrimination to qualify as an act of discrimination against an employees’ pay, based on their sex, then the following conditions must be met. The job in question must require similar skills, efforts and responsibility (Walker & Morell, 2005). The body that governs and enforces such laws is the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Albert, 2009). Since Wilkinson Manufacturing has discriminated against Jessica based on her sex and awarded her a less pay by 30% as compared to her male counterparts, then Jessica should raise her complain to this body. There are however various defenses that are open for Wilkinson manufacturing to apply, in defending its action of paying her less salary than the male managers. If the employer presents sufficient evidence to the effect that such pay is provided based on the quality or the quantity of productivity of the employees, then Jessica might fail to have a good basis of accusing her employer (Walker & Morell, 2005). Another defense available for Wilkinson Manufacturing is to show that the differential in the pay offered is based on a merit or seniority system, where some employees may have some workers with higher levels of experience than their counterparts in the same job level, based on the number of years they may have worked with the organization (Deakin & Morris, 2005). Based on this case, Jessica is set to win the case against her employer and obtain equal compensation for her services as the other managers in the same level. Considering that, she has worked for the organization for m any years to the point of rising to the managerial level, then, she must have sufficient knowledge, skills and experiences, as well as productivity that saw her promoted to this level. References Albert, W. (2009). Employment Discrimination. College of a Business Administration, University of Georgia. Deakin, S., and Morris, G. (2005). Labour Law. Hart Publishing. Walker, K., and Morell, A. (2005). Labor and Employment: Workplace Warzone. Georgetown University Thesis.

How to Submit a Pell Grant Application

How to Submit a Pell Grant Application SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're applying for the Pell Grant, it's important to know where the application is and how to submit it. Here's a secret: there's actually no dedicated or special application for the Pell Grant - instead, students are automatically considered for this federal aid program when they submit their Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. But the FAFSA can be complicated for a lot of students since it requires info about your family and financial situation.Follow the steps in this guide in order tosubmit your FAFSA to apply for a Pell Grant! Here, we'll cover: Things to keep in mind before you get started Checking your Pell Grant deadlines The information you'll need to complete the FAFSA Submission methods Completing the Pell Grant application What to do after you submit the FAFSA Common submission questions What You Should Know Before You Get Started To be considered for ANY type of federal student aid, including the Pell Grant, you have to submit a FAFSA - there's no way around it. The good news is that many states, colleges, and universities also use information generated by the FAFSA to award other types of aid. This is good news for you! By applying for the Pell Grant, you'resubmittingan application that could also help you get other types of financial aid. More good news: it's completely free to submit the FAFSA(like it states in the name). Even if you're not sure whether you'd qualify for financial aid, you have nothing to lose by submitting the application except a few hours of your time. That could definitely be worth extra help paying for college. Finally, you should know that the FAFSA needs to be submitted annually. If you're awarded a Pell Grant one year, for example,you won't automatically receive the grant every year. Step 1: Check Your Deadlines You don't want to leave things forthe last minute. How late can you submit your application? The only Pell Grant deadline you need to worry about is the federal aid application deadline. If you hope to look into state aid as well, you also need tobe aware of your state's aid application deadline. The deadline to submit your FAFSA for federal funding for the 2015-2016 school year is June 30, 2016. You may be able to get federal aid even if you submit your application at the end of your school year. States have different application deadlines for submitting the FAFSA.You can check the deadline for your state here. When should you start the application process? Generally, the earlier you can submit your application, the better. First-time college students usuallysubmit their FAFSAs after they've been accepted to schools; these schools use information generated from the FAFSA to put together financial aid packages. You can technically submit your FAFSA as early as January 1 for the year you're entering college. Schools won't use this information, however, until after you've been admitted. If you're a current college student, you can better take advantage of this earlier timeline. It's easy to put off completing the FAFSA until you have to meet a federal or state deadline - don't do this. Some federal funding sources run out early in the application process, so it's best to apply earlier in order to maximize access to funding. Bottom line:If you're a first-time college student, plan on submitting your FAFSA immediately after you get your acceptance letters. If you're a current college student, take advantage of an earlier timeline, and apply in the spring for the following academic year. Step 2: Gather All the Information You'll Need Here's a comprehensive list of everything you need to get started with the FAFSA application: Social Security Number Alien Registration Number (if you're not a US citizen) Most recent federal income tax returns, W-2s, and other records of income Bank statements and investment records (if you have them) Records of untaxed income (if applicable) An FSA ID, if you plan on submitting online (we'll get to submission methods in a minute). You can get a FSA ID here. You'll also need all of the above information from your parents, even if they won't be helping you pay for school. Your parents' financial information is also taken into account when determining how much aid you may be eligible for.Here's some more specific information about getting what you need (everything listed above) from your parents: If your parents are married, gather information for both of them If your parent is widowed or single, you just need information from that one parent If your widowed parent is currently remarried, you need information from that parent + his or her spouse If your parents are divorced or separated, you need information from your custodial parent (the parent you lived with the most in the past year). If your parents have joint custody and you've spent equal time withthem during the past year, you need information from the parent who's supported you the most financially. Dependency overrides There are some special circumstances which may warrant what's called a dependecy override, where your parents' financial information is not taken into account when you apply for federal aid. Common dependency override situations include being married, having kids, homelessness, military service, being in the foster care system, or legal emancipation. If you think you could qualify for a dependency override, you should also gather any important documentation around your special circumstances (for example, any paperwork that would support your claims). Just answer the questions about these circumstances honestly when you fill out your FAFSA. The application will process as incomplete, and you'll need to follow up with the financial aid office of the school you're seeking an aid package from. Step 3: Choose Your Submission Method Choose the path that works best for you. There are two main methods to submit your FAFSA and apply for a Pell Grant. Here, I'll discuss the pros and cons of both methods. Electronic submission The electronic version of the FAFSA is easier and faster than the paper version.The FAFSA website guides you through the application process, and can even notify you about certain errors in real time. You'll receive the results from your submission - a document that tells you about your eligbility for different types of financial aid - in about 3 days. This document is called a Student Aid Report, or SAR. If you plan on submitting your FAFSA online, apply for a FSA ID for you and your parents first! You need a FSA to sign the electronic FAFSA - it can take up to three days to receive your FSA ID, so build this into your timeline. You can access the elctronic version of the FAFSA here. Paper Submission Paper FAFSAs are a bit more cumbersome than the electronic version, and take longer to file (it can be weeks before you get your SAR). Applicants also make more mistakes on the paper FAFSA, and mistakes delay the processing of your application. You should avoid paper submission if you are at all tight on time. You can get a paper copy of the FAFSA at high school guidance offices, college financial aid offices, and at many libraries. You can also download and print a copy of the application yourself here. Step 4: Set Up a Time to Complete Your Application If you've already collected all the necessary paperwork and chosen a submission method, completing the actual application shouldn't betoo difficult. You've already done most of the legwork! As I mentioned above, you need a lot of information from your parents in order to successfully complete the FAFSA. If possible, set up a time when you can go through the application together with your parents - this can help streamline the process if you have questions for them. Schedule 1-2 hours if you are submitting the application electronically. Give yourself some extra time (2-3 hours) if you are submitting a paper application. Side note: You don't need an accountant or financial aid consultant in order to fill out the FAFSA, but if you do have access to these resources, they should be able to assist you with any questions. Step 5: After You Submit The good news: if you submitted a complete FAFSA, you'll be automatically considered for a Pell Grant - no further work required! You should receive an email within 3-5 days of submission including directions to access your SAR (if you submitted electronically - if not, the process will take longer). The colleges you listed on your FAFSA will have access to your SAR shortly after you do. If your application was complete, your SAR will include something called an EFC, or Expected Family Contribution. The EFC is a number used by schools to put together financial aid packages, which can include grants, loans, and scholarships. If you are offered the Pell Grant, it will be included in schools' financial aid packages. If you ever need to check the status of your application, you can call the Federal Student Aid Information center at 1-800-433-3243. You can also log in to the FAFSA website with your FSA ID. Common Questions on the Pell Grant Application This process can be confusing - hopefully all your questions are answered here! I submitted a FAFSA last year. Do I have to do it again for this upcoming school year? Answer: Yes! You need to apply for aid every year. See Step #1 above for a guide on submission timelines. My brother/sister already submitted a FAFSA this year. Do I need to do one too? Answer: Yes - even though it might seem redundant (you're submitting the same family information, right?) each person applying for aid needs to submit their own FAFSA. I want to submit my FAFSA before my family's tax returns are ready. Can I do that? Answer: You can! You'll just need to make estimates about this information as best you can (your parents should be able to help with this). You'll have to update your application if necessary. I want to make changes to my FAFSA after I submitted it. How do I do that? Answer: You'll have to wait until after you've received your SAR before you can make changes. You can use your FSA ID to make corrections on the FAFSA website, and should receive a new SAR shortly thereafter. You can also make changes to the paper SAR if you originally submitted via snail mail - just follow instructions on the SAR, send it back in, and wait for a new SAR to be generated. What's Next? Are you still working on your college applications? Learn more about how to get into your top choice schools, or how to get into the Ivy League. Already heard back about admissions decisions? Check out how to get scholarships based on your standardized test scoresor college academic performance. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Threat Facing Humans And The Earth In General Essay

The Threat Facing Humans And The Earth In General - Essay Example Unfortunately, the sources of the four gases remained a mystery to scientists. The ozone layer is the protective layer lying between 15 and 30 kilometers above the Earths surface. The ozone layer shields the earth from ultraviolet rays, which cause cancers in humans and reproductive problems in animals. Extensive studies concluded that about 74,000 tonnes of these gases had been ejected and that the release of two of them was mounting rapidly, which poses a serious threat of ozone depletion. Due to the alarming nature of the impacts, investigating the source of the gases is important, as they are likely to pose a major threat in the future. The situation calls for more vigilance in checking the production and the release of these gases, where the possible solutions include agricultural insecticides. Different studies have highlighted the increasing destruction of the ozone layer but emphasized that, apart from the destruction caused by the ozone-destroying chemicals released into the atmosphere, weather changes played an important role in ozone depletion. This conclusion was made after the discovery that the ozone hole formed above the Antarctica changed in size year after year. Susan Strahan of NASA's Goddard space center gave the information and emphasized that their investigations would check whether the hole was reduced in size. However, she reported that an accurate evaluation of the reducing ozone depletion called for the measurement of the different factors that cause changes in the size of the ozone hole.

A Background on Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Background on Egypt - Essay Example From the study it is clear that Egypt occupies a strategic position as it is a bridge between two continents and links two chief waterways, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Its position demands that it dominates its environment otherwise it suffers from the victimization of foreign powers. Egypt survival depends on the Nile River. Indeed, the majority of the country’s citizens live near along the river where the only arable land is found, an area of about 15, 000 square miles. As the discussion declares the country is also considered to be in a very strategic position politically since it’s at the epicenter of three circles. These are the Arab, the African, and the Islamic people. The country considers itself playing a vital role in Africa as it was a major advocate of nonalignment and neutralism. With its strategic position, Egypt remains an important part of major powers’ plan to reach the Arab world. In spite of the country’s unbalanced outcome of its two referendums and parliamentary elections, it experienced a free and fair election for a period of 10 months from November 2011. The country’s politics became a tool through which contentious issues could be settled. During the 2012 elections, twenty-nine parties and several independent candidates competed for the 498 seats available in the People’s Assembly. With the eight political parties that competed in the elections, the Islamists won at least 83 percent of the 18 0 available seats.

Analysing Adaptation of Sherlock According to Different Times Essay Example for Free

Analysing Adaptation of Sherlock According to Different Times Essay The producers adapted a most suitable extent of sources after film come into the world ,it includes classic-novels from eighteenth-century to nineteenth- century ,horror film ,love story ,feature story and Dracula movie. The episodes Sherlock belongs to detective series and it is based on the great novel Sherlock Holmes which is written by Conan Doyle. This essay will demonstrates how the programme-makers adapt original novel to episode and widen peoples horizons about Sherlock Holmes in new century . Adaptation has draw critical notice for over sixty years and media often make comparison between a film and its original writer ,so the script of Sherlock is a big challenge for its writers Steven Moffat ,Mark Gatiss(who is acting as Mycroft Holmes ,the brother of Sherlock Holmes) and Steve Thompson. The extract I focus on is from 00:10:00 to 00:15: 00 in series 1 ,episode 3 ,Sherlock. And the name of this episode is called The Great Game which is originally called â€Å"The Five Orange Pips, one of the 56 short Sherlock Holmes stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is the fifth of the twelve stories in the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. † (Wallechinsky, D Wallace, I 2012) Writers move Sherlock from Victorian era in 19th century to nowadays means that many details must be replaced by the changing of times. Like five orange pips has been shifted to five mobile rings in this abstract. Famous books have thought value and artistic charm through the veil of time. But they still have limitations according to specific writers and times. Thus writers should use modern view to take a new look at advantages and disadvantages of famous books in adaptation . On one hand ,the writers of Sherlock unearths inherent thought value and artistic value. On the other hands ,they work hardly to overcome all kinds of restrictions on account of history era or original writer. Initially ,The most successful and charming point in original works is the invention of deduction from Sherlock Holmes. For example, there is a deduction from Sherlock Holmes at 00:12:10 in extract . The most valuable and memorable thing in novel is that Sherlock Holmes can deduct a fact from very small details and writers of Sherlock inherit this treasure. This is how the writers of Sherlock unearths inherent thought value and artistic value. Secondly ,There are many cases of how writers break various of restrictions because of different ages. For instance, killers only can sent five orange pips as warning to the victim because the communication is not quite developed in victorian age. Furthermore ,technology is being gradually advanced today . Few of English familys have telephones at victorian time. The main communication tool is Telegram and letters at that time. so it is much convenient for criminal and Sherlock Holmes to have interaction. Like dialogue in the extract at 00:13:14 said that some secret societies used to send dried melon seeds, orange pips ,things like that-five pips. This is in order to keep up with the times and it has not distorted the original authors intention but grasp the nature of original works. No matter five orange pips or five ringtones ,they both indicate that the murder is going to happen again . Here is another case in point is that the blog of John Waston replace John Wastons diary in Sherlock. Like the dialogue in the extract at 00:12:28 ,Sherlock Holmes ask Lestrade: Study in the Pink ? You read his blog? And Lestrade answer that :Of course . we all do. The blog record the details of every single story about Sherlock Holmes, while the dairy need to be re-edit into a book in original work. And after published ,readers could read it , which means that readers have to wait for a long-term and need to pay for the book. However, the blog from DR. Waston could update everyday and the readers could scan blog free of charge. Criminal send a picture to Sherlock at 00:13:04 in extract. It conveys information more clearly because of new technology. The letter within 5 orange pips which was sent from different harbors in novel and it becomes the crime scene which criminal Moriarty told to Sherlock. Sherlock and Dr. Wasten go to visit police station by taxi at 00:11:01 in extract and they always go by carriage in original novel . This adaptation has improved the efficiency of solving a case. There is a scene of the home where Sherlock live in at the time of 00:10:48 in extract. The decoration of Sherlocks home accord with the feature of Sherlock Holmes. Although there is no kerosene lamp in Sherlock ,it still depict a faithful figure of Sherlock Holmes ,not live in a too rustic or too modern place. Wang Liu said that â€Å"there are six styles of adaptation and each of them are transplant ,excerpts, concentrate ,comprehending means ,comprehending means flexible and compound. †(Wang, 2000,p. 359-361) Sherlock belongs to comprehending means ,in other word ,writers have inspiration from original works and rebuild the story but keep primary figures and scene in it. Sherlock is a faithful adaptation even if it is in different times. That is because it inherit inherent thought value and artistic value from original work. A faithful adaptation is not definitely faithful to original novels. They just should faithful to original theme ,the personalities of the characters and understanding of plot. â€Å"Holmes is tall and lean, with piercing eyes and a hawklike nose, because that is the way his friend and amanuensis ,Dr. John H. Watson, describes him in A Study in Scarlet, The first of the four short novels and fifty-six short stories in which Arthur Conan Doyle introduce him to the world. (Leitch, 2007 ,p. 208)The actor of Sherlock Holmes in Sherlock episode is Benedict who is suitable to Sherlocks disposition. The only insufficient is that the episode has not represent another personality of Sherlock Holmes who is not only a consult detective but also a fighter who is skillful at various kinds of martial arts and is often the winner between fighting with criminals in novel. Sherlock Holmes is always in a weak position when fighting with criminals in episode. However, it violate the original ideal of Conan Doyle. To sum up, the writers of Sherlock comprehend the theme of original novel generally. Although they put Sherlock Holmes into modern life in 21st century, they unearths inherent thought value and artistic value and working hardly to break different restrictions in terms of original writers and times. The creative and succession should be approved ,but it still has a little bit flaw need to be correct. Overall, Sherlock belongs to comprehending means . It is a faithful adaptation because it is faithful to original theme ,the personalities of the characters and understanding of plot.

Is The Illegalization Of Marijuana Valid? :: pot should be legal

Is The Illegalization of Marijuana Valid? The debate over the legalization of Cannabis sativa, more commonly known as marijuana, has been one of the most heated controversies ever to occur in the United States. Its use as a medicine has existed for thousands of years in many countries world wide and is documented as far back as 2700 BC in ancient Chinese writings. When someone says ganja, cannabis, bung, dope, grass, rasta, or weed, they are talking about the same subject: marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized because the government could earn money from taxes on its sale, its value to the medical world outweighs its abuse potential, and because of its importance to the paper and clothing industries. This action should be taken despite efforts made by groups which say marijuana is a harmful drug which will increase crime rates and lead users to other more dangerous substances. The actual story behind the legislature passed against marijuana is quite surprising. According to Jack Herer, author of The Emperor Wears No Clothes, the acts bringing about the demise of hemp were part of a large conspiracy involving DuPont, Harry J. Anslinger, commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN), and many other influential industrial leaders such as William Randolph Hearst and Andrew Mellon. Herer notes that the Marijuana Tax Act, which passed in 1937, coincidentally occurred just as the decoricator machine was invented. With this invention, hemp would have been able to take over competing industries almost instantaneously. According to Popular Mechanics, "10,000 acres devoted to hemp will produce as much paper as 40,000 acres of average [forest] pulp land." William Hearst owned enormous timber acreage so his interest in preventing the growth of hemp can be easily explained. Competition from hemp would have easily driven the Hearst paper-manufacturing company out of business and significantly lowered the value of his land. Herer even suggests popularizing the term "marijuana" was a strategy Hearst used in order to create fear in the American public. Herer says "The first step in creating hysteria was to introduce the element of fear of the unknown by using a word that no one had ever heard of before... 'marijuana'". DuPont's involvement in the anti-hemp campaign can also be explained with great ease. At this time, DuPont was patenting a new sulfuric acid process for producing wood-pulp paper. According to the company's own records, wood-pulp products ultimately accounted for more than 80% of all DuPont's railroad car loadings for the 50 years the Marijuana Tax Act was passed. It should also be said that two years before the prohibitive hemp tax in 1937, DuPont developed

Outline the Differences Between the Excitation

Outline the differences between the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism between skeletal and cardiac muscles. Excitation-contraction coupling is the combination of the electrical and mechanical events in the muscle fibres and is related by the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (Silverthorn, 2007) In the skeletal muscle, action potential in the nerves is generated when the somatic motor neurons releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), at the neuromuscular junction. This initiates muscle action potential which is then transmitted to the t-tubules.Action potential in the t-tubules leads to the release of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggering muscle contraction. In the cardiac muscles, the initial depolarisation in sino-atrial node initiates the action potential in the muscles. This is then transmitted to T-Tubule which leads to calcium influx from extracellular space. This leads to the sarcoplasmic reticulum releasing calcium which causes the muscle contraction. The skeletal muscles need ACh from the somatic motor neuron, in order for skeletal muscle action potential to initiate excitation- contraction coupling.In cardiac muscles, the action potential also initiates EC coupling, but it originates impulsively in the hearts pace maker cells and spreads via gap junctions. (Richard and Pocock, 2006) The skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles differ mainly in mechanisms by which the depolarisation in the membrane leads to the release of Ca2+. In the skeletal muscle, the T-tubule membrane is coupled closely to the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the L-type calcium channel and the ryanodine receptor.However, in the cardiac muscle the Ca2+ enters via voltage-gated calcium channels which initiate a regenerative release, through activation of the Ca2+ sensitive ryanodine receptor and this initial entry triggers further release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (Rang and Dale, 2003) The mechanism of excitation- contraction coupling in the skeletal muscle relies on the ryanodine receptor being activated to produce the Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is responsible for allowing muscle contraction. This is evident of direct coupling between the calcium channels of the T-tubule and the ryanodine receptors of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.The cardiac muscles lack T-tubules and therefore, there is no direct coupling between the plasma membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In cardiac muscles, the mechanism relies on a calcium-induced calcium release, which includes the conduction of calcium ions into the cell, causing the further release of ions. (Rang and Dale, 2003) The duration of action potential also differs for the skeletal and cardiac muscles. In the skeletal muscles, the action potential short and ends as the related twitch contraction begins.The twitch contraction is short and ends as the sarcoplasmic reticulum recovers the Ca2+ that it released. In the cardiac muscle cells, the action potential is long- lasting, and Ca2+ carries on entering the cell throughout the plateau period. As a result, the muscle cell contraction continues until the plateau ends. Therefore, the cardiac muscle contractions are nearly 10 times as long as those of skeletal muscles fibres. (Silverthorn, 2007) The cardiac muscle tissue can contract without neural stimulation, via automaticity and the specialized cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells control the timing of contractions.However, the skeletal muscle requires ACh from the motor neurons for contractions. (Mader, 2006) Mader, S, S,. (2006) Human Biology (9th ed. ). New York: McGrawhill Pocock, G. , Richards, D. C. , (2006). Human Physiology – the basis of medicine (3rd ed. ). New York: Oxford University Press Rang, P, H,. Dale, M, M,. Ritter, M, J,. Flower, J, R,. (2007). Pharmacology (6th ed. ). New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Silverthorn, D, U. , (2007) Human Physiology (4th Ed. ). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.

Confident Interval

Fall 2012 Assignment 5 (Total Points Possible: 15) Name: Banner ID: Instructions: Use this page as your cover page, and attach your groupwork behind your work. Your assignment answers should be in complete and grammatically correct sentences. 1. According to the National Center for Health Statistics (2004), 22. 4% of adults are smokers. A random sample of 300 adults is obtained. (a) Describe the sampling distribution of phat, the sample proportion of adults who smoke. (b) In a random sample of 300 adults, what is the probability that at least 50 are smokers? c) Would it be unusual if a random sample of 300 adults results in 18% or less being smokers? Explain your answer.2. A machine at K&A Tube & Manufacturing Company produces a certain copper tubing component in a refrigeration unit. The tubing components produced by the manufacturer have a mean diameter of 0. 75 inch with a standard deviation of 0. 004 inch. The quality-control inspector takes a random sample of 30 components once each week and calculates the mean diameter of these components. If the mean is either less than 0. 748 inch or greater than 0. 752 inch, the inspector concludes that the machine needs an adjustment. a) Describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean diameter for a random sample of 30 such components. (b) What is the probability that, based on a random sample of 30 such components, the inspector will conclude that the machine needs an adjustment when, in fact, the machine is correctly calibrated?3. In a random sample of 678 adult males 20 to 34 years of age, it was determined that 58 of them have hypertension (high blood pressure). Source: The Centers for Disease Control. (a) Obtain a point estimate for the proportion of adult males 20 to 34 years of age who have hypertension. b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of adult males 20 to 34 who have hypertension. Interpret the confidence interval. You wish to conduct your own study to determine the proportion o f adult males 20 to 34 years old who have hypertension. (c) What sample size would be needed for the estimate to be within 3 percentage points (interval length is 0. 06) with 95% confidence if you use the point estimate obtained in part (a)? (d) What sample size would be needed for the estimate to be within 3 percentage points with 95% confidence if you don’t have a prior estimate (use phat=. )? 4. A random sample of 60 married couples who have been married 7 years was asked the number of children they have.The results of the survey are as follows: 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 4 0 3 3 3 1 0 2 3 3 1 4 2 3 1 3 3 5 0 2 3 0 4 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 1 4 3 2 4 2 1 2 3 2 The data is also in Excel format on Blackboard: FamilySizeData. xls. (a) Obtain a point estimate for the mean and standard deviation number of children of all couples who have been married 7 years. (b) What is the shape of the distribution of the sample mean? Why? c) Compute a 95% confidence interval for the mean number of children of all couples who have been married 7 years. Interpret this interval. (d) Compute a 99% confidence interval for the mean number of children of all couples who have been married 7 years. Interpret this interval. (e) You wish to conduct your own study to determine the mean number of children of all couples who have been married 7 years. What sample size would be needed for the estimate to be within 0. 25 (interval length is 0. 5) with 99% confidence if you use the point estimates obtained in part (a)?

How-to prepare for a literature review

How-to prepare for a literature review How-to prepare for a literature review Definition of literature review A literature review provides a general idea of the amount of publication on a certain topic that has been written by credible professors and researchers. The literature review can either be an initial step of a research project, a chapter in a thesis or a stand-alone assignment. A literature review comprises: A synopsis of your research topic and precise statement of the objectives of your research A thesis of the main ideas and concepts of your topic A detailed analysis of the resources you find. For instance, you can point out if the topic you are researching on is not supported by scholars or it is controversial in any way. Steps on preparing your literature review Ensure that you understand the topic and the research objective very well. By this, it means you need to know the scope of your literature review. 1. Conduct your research Conduct a thorough research on the topic; alternatively, you can have sort of a plan. A perfect way of doing this is by looking for significant and all-encompassing sources first and then work on them. For topics about sciences and art, beginning with resources that contain an overview of your research topic is a perfect idea. For technical disciplines such as psychology, find out if there are systematic reviews or meta-analysis on the subject you want to research about. For you to see if your review aligns itself with the other aspects you have read, go through the literature review sections of other sources. Lastly, search for more controversial or most recent research on your topic. This kind of information can be extracted from journal articles. 2. Use an extensive variety of resources Depending on journal articles and books alone on your research will not be of much assistance. Your prof will provide the details on their expectations; however, while researching, ensure that you do not miss out important research by just using one type of resource. 3. Evaluating the resources Once you have found the research you will be using, evaluate them. While evaluating, the materials that should be included must provide substantial and reliable information on your topic. Once more, for almost all the literature review, you are not supposed to write about every resource you come across, but only the fundamental discoveries or major assumptions about the topic. 4. Analyze your research For you to provide a comprehensive account of unknown and known things in your literature review, search for the most important points and common themes about your topic. On top of that, you may mention the areas of controversy in the literature. In a situation where your literature review is supposed to include an argument, utilize enough time to look for evidence so that you can support this argument. Write your literature review While writing your literature review, ensure that you are clear on instructions provided in your assignment. Find out what the instructions states, do you prove something or argue. You can organize your literature review in the following ways: By methodology By theme Sequence of importance Various perspective Chronologically is one of the companies that offer excellent dissertation and thesis services in Canada. For more information about dissertation and thesis services do not hesitate to

Globalization and Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Globalization and Poverty - Essay Example The political and military repercussions of this schism can significantly change the complexion and direction of inter-capitalist competition. The end of the Cold War and the powerful wave of Globalization vastly reconfigured the world order. We have seen the end of the old colonial world and the rise of Islamic militancy in the mid-90s. Post-Cold War globalization served to unleash many pent-up social contradictions previously held hostage by the Cold War, like racial and ethnic clashes both within the North and South alike. The most profound changes, however, are in the economic realm. Globalization-the accelerated expansion and heightened contradictions of international capitalism-is bound to intensify even more within the decade. (Hirst & Thompson, 2000) Vicious international competition among highly industrialized capitalist nation-states animates the world order. Economic globalization was mainly corporate-led. Incessant retooling of knowledge-based or high-tech corporations, including the mighty armaments industry and the rest of the multinational corporations in industrialized countries, keeps on accelerating the pace of globalization even more. Big corporate interests are more and more taking over the foreign policy directions of their respective governments. Alongside globalization is the concept of "neoliberalism". Neoliberalism has the same essence as the classic liberal economics. The latter was in vogue between the Industrial Revolution around the early 1900s and Keynesian economics around the 1930s Great Depression. Laissez faire ("free competition", to some) is at the core of both classical liberalism and neoliberalism. Laissez faire oppose Keynesian solutions that require vigorous state economic intervention. (Fischer 2003). Neoliberalism, ironically, is forced to adopt Keynesian solutions through the active manipulation of interest rates to keep inflation at bay. Furthermore, the US government as well as the Western European states actively subsidize their agricultural sectors, and even intervene politically in rearranging trade and financial mechanisms in their favor. These totally negate whatever "liberalism" or "free competition" there is in neoliberalism. Revolution in Productive Forces, Trade Wars, Uncertainties in the World Financial System The Second Word War and the military requirements of the Cold War ironically kicked off the revolution in science and technology, specifically in the fields of electronic computing, communications, air and space transport, biological warfare, and nuclear technology. Capitalist production techniques immensely benefited from these developments. The technological race seethes with greater intensity. A war over the control and monopoly of knowledge-intensive capital-especially information-communications-technology (ICT) and biotechnology-still rages among capitalist firms and nation-states. New, better, and increasingly cheaper commodities now flood the world market. The fight to open up more markets is the order of the day, not only to realize greater profits, but to stave off the increasing pressures of capitalist overproduction. (Robertson, 2003) Quite predictably, protectionist trade wars erupted between the large markets in northern America, Europe, and Asia. In an effort to secure commodity markets, tariff-cutting regional free trade associations sprouted along the continents, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European

Orgnazational citizenship behavior( carrefour china) Essay

Orgnazational citizenship behavior( carrefour china) - Essay Example Although the Carrefour Foundation did succeed in taking humanitarian initiatives, yet it lacked involvement of the company’s own employees in its efforts. Therefore, the Board of Directors took measures to increase employees’ participation. Food program, professional integration and solidarity were the three core areas at which the Carrefour Foundation specifically focused. Carrefour primarily sells food and grocery products. The Carrefour Foundation has developed links between people and farmers for provision of healthy food. The employees of Carrefour established an organic pepper industry in Shuiruo and Saba and taught the farmers ways to implant certified organic Sichuan peppers. The employees also delivered lectures on personal hygiene to improve health and safety condition in the very villages. In 4 years, Carrefour has contributed up to â‚ ¬90,000 for the program. Fair trade is encouraged by purchasing significant portion of the total crops every year above ma rket value. Carrefour buys the products from farmers and then sells them over in 22 different countries. The foundation has also opened a school for the community and has improved the infrastructure. The program has helped raise the income of farmers, improved their living conditions in general, and has promoted social solidarity (carrefour.com).

Porter's Model of National Competitive Advantage Essay - 1

Porter's Model of National Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Porter's Diamond of National Advantage Corporate strategies are ever increasing and thus have to be observed from a global context. This is because, even when an organization has no plans to import or to export commodities directly, the management staff has to gaze at the international business environment, where the actions of buyers, sellers, competitors, and new entrants of providers of alternatives may have an impact on the domestic market. Through this trend, information technology can be reinforced. Michael Porter’s model that allows for the analyzing of why some countries are more aggressive than others are, and the reason why some industries within countries are more aggressive than the way others are. All this is written in the book he published titled â€Å"The Competitive Advantage of Nations†. From the insight revealed in his writings, his representation of determining factors in national advantage has come to be known as Porters Diamond. This model proposes that the nationalized home base of a business plays a considerable role in determining the scope to which it is expected to achieve a competitive advantage on an international level. This home base presents basic factors that may support or hinder businesses from creating advantages in international competition (Held and McGrew 2001). ... Michael Porter makes out four determinants. These are: Factor Conditions When it comes to factor conditions, a country can create its own essential factors such as skilled labour and a strong technological base. It should be noted that the reserve of these features at a given time is not as much important than the degree that they are improved and implemented. Local demerits in features of production drive better innovation. Unfavorable circumstances such as labor shortages or inadequate raw materials may force organizations to come up with new methods, and this originality often goes ahead to a national comparative advantage. Demand Conditions There are situations when the market for a certain product is bigger locally when compared to foreign markets. In this situation, the local organizations give more attention to that commodity than foreign organizations do, thus leading to the element of competitive advantage as soon as the local organizations start exporting the commodity in q uestion. From this understanding, it becomes clear that when there is a high demand in the local market for a particular commodity, a national advantage results. In the spirit of good business, a strong, trendsetting local market can help local organizations look forward to global trends (Salvatore, 2002). Related and Supporting Industries In every industrial process there are always supporting and related industries. This leads to the element of competition between these industries. In the local setting, supporting industries are sometimes competitive, and thus organizations enjoy additional innovative and cost effective inputs. The suppliers get an additional advantage if their businesses are set up in a global

HYBRID MODEL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HYBRID MODEL - Essay Example Weibe was referring to institutions and groups like political parties, the press, business organizations and the like that stood between the government and the people and which makes that intimacy between the two not viable. If power is concentrated at the top, the tendency is towards anarchism but if power is allowed to filter down too much to the bottom, anarchy will result (2006). The implication therefore is that democracy is largely a balancing act, one in which the fulcrum of power is located in the middle rather than on any of the opposing sides. As Weibe states, democratic life is institutional life. A correct definition of democracy is vital and sine qua non to the crafting of a blueprint for any model of accountability in public administration upon which forms the skeletal basis of a new administration’s line of governance. In drafting the blueprint of a new hybrid model of public administration, it is important to acknowledge the inescapable existence of institution s that fill the distance between government and the people and the need to strengthen government bureacracies to bridge that distance. As the newly appointed interim president, the basis of my governance will be a model which will incorporate all the points culled from the strongest and effective aspects of the various public administration models which are the Jacksonian Democracy model, the Progressive Reform model, the Reinventing Government model, the New Public Management model, and the New Public service model, which will all bring the desired effects of strengthening the fulcrum of power that lies between and separate the government from the people so as to effectively bring the two together. It is important therefore to discuss the said models to be able to point out and explain the facets which had made these models attractive and successful and adopt them in the new model. The Jacksonian/Machine Politics Model.

The Importance of Family Meals

The Importance of Family Meals The Importance of Family Meals Introduction Whether it is dinner, breakfast, or lunch, family meals offer an opportunity for all family members to pass time enjoying each other’s company and good food. In many occasions, mealtimes might be the only occasion many families have a chance to congregate as a unit. Eating meals as a family provides a huge opportunity to form and strengthen domestic bonds as members engage each other in conversations. Also, research shows that family meals benefit members of the household in terms of nutrition, academic performance, spending and manners. This expressive article highlights the nine major benefits of family meals. The Benefits of Eating as a Family The advantages of eating meals as a family are as follows: Communication and Well-Being Dialogue during mealtimes provides an opportunity for the family to plan, learn, and bond with one another. It is a chance to chat about events of the day as parents give additional attention to their children. Family meals foster love, warmth, security and feeling of belonging. Eating together as a household is not merely about food, but knowing about the wellbeing of one another. Sharing meals with loved ones is like a special event that almost assumes the form of a ceremony, which has always been practiced since time immemorial. Besides the appreciation of the food and the effort that went into making it, there are numerous social elements, such as learning how to conduct conversations, listen, serve others, compromise and solve conflicts which come into play when a household shares meals (TheHJGroup, 2013). Role Modeling Family mealtime is the best time to display and teach one another appropriate meal etiquette, table manners, and social skills by keeping the mood relaxed, light, and loving. Family members try lead by example and not to criticize or instruct. Eating together offers an opportunity to exercise gratitude through prayer or sharing the thing members are thankful for prior to eating. Family meals grant the opportunity to convey the attitudes and values of a household from one generation to another: Children can be taught by their parents or grandparents about the values that are significant to the family. Family meals are also an ideal approach to link up household members with their ethnic or cultural heritage, because differing foods might reflect the distinctive ethnic tastes or cultural traditions of their family’s background (TheHJGroup, 2013). Exploration Family meals enable family members to expand and explore the world round them one diet at a time. Members of the family can encourage each other to try out new foods, without bribing or coercing. They can introduce new foods accompanied by some of their favorites. Parents and children can select new recipes from cookbooks, web sites, magazines or newspapers. Trying out new foods, particularly from different parts of the world is like exploration or beginning a new hobby. It magnifies the experience, knowledge, and skills of the household members (TheHJGroup, 2013). Nourishment and Relaxation Meals that have been prepared and consumed at home are generally more nutritious. They comprise more vegetables, fruits, and dairy products as well as extra nutrients such as vitamins A and C, fiber, and calcium. Moreover, home cooked foods are not usually deep-fried or highly salted like take-away meals. Plus, consumption of sweetened beverage is frequently low at the table as family members ought to take natural blended juices. Recent researches show that family meals are connected to a low risk of obesity in both children and adults because when people eat at home they typically consume a balanced diet. Also, eating together helps family members relax. Before or after having a long day away from home, parents and children can benefit from the pleasure of cooking and enjoying their meal. Not only does this give you them a chance to calm down, it prepares them for the day or for a peaceful, rejuvenating sleep. Self-Sufficiency Family meals provide self-sufficiency to household members because it allows them to know how to plan and make meals. Both basic and complex cooking preparations are requirements for being self-sufficient. Parents can involve their family members in grocery shopping, menu planning, and food preparation. Young children can cut bananas, tear lettuce, and set the table while older children can do tasks, such as peeling vegetables. Teenagers can grill, dice, chop, and bake. Working together puts meals faster on the table and makes everybody more responsible. Prevention of Destructive Behaviors Research indicates that frequent family meals (five or more per week) are linked to low rates of drinking, smoking, and illegal drug abuse in teenagers and pre-teens compared to households that do not eat together. Even as the schedules of older children get more complex, it is vital for parents to make efforts to have meals together. Studies by Columbia University’s National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse show that children who do not have meals with their family members at least twice every week were 40% more likely to indulge in alcohol and drugs, not to eat healthily, and report being distant from their parents than youngsters who eat with their parents often. Better Academic Performances It has been proven that children perform better academically when they have more meals with their family members. Mealtime discussions translate into success in class. As children listen to their parents and other members talk, they learn essential language abilities, such as new reading and vocabulary skills. These skills are necessary for expressing oneself verbally and comprehending what is read, thus they help children perform better on tests in school. According to research by University of Illinois, children who eat more than five times per week with their family members tend to have high academic performance than their peers who habitually eat away from home or eat alone. Cost Reduction Home cooked meals are much cheaper than fast foods. Families do not need to spend a lot of money to prepare tasty meals because they can look up for cheap and simple recipes from cheap vegetarian foods to healthy snacks on a low budget of under $3 per serving. Meals bought outside the home are generally two to four times costly than meals made at home. Fun Family meals are fun. Through sharing meals and taking time to converse about what the family members are experiencing in term of flavors, they are more likely to have fun and be mindful of the food. This results in improved digestion and enjoyment of the food. Family meals are also fun because they are taken and enjoyed in a cool and relaxed setting. Conclusion In conclusion, the benefits of family meals go beyond nutrition. Eating as a family has multiple advantages in many other aspects as well. Family meals are healthier and they provide an occasion for household members to sit around the table, enjoy, relax, discuss and applaud themselves for preparing a meal that is more likely to be nutritious than one that they would have purchased outside the house. Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates that children who have more meals with other family members are the less likely to engage in illegal behavior, such as smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol. These children also perform well in school, have high self-esteem, and do not develop eating disorders. Family meals are a tradition and the cornerstone of the home because they offer self-sufficiency, reduce costs, and provide fun. Bibliography Kolker, C. (2011). The Immigrant Advantage: What We Can Learn from Newcomers to America about Health, Happiness and Hope. New York: Simon and Schuster. TheHJGroup. (2013, October 23). Successful Entrepreneur on The Importance of Family Meals. Retrieved April 12, 2015, from YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdzaZL6AdYg Note to student: Include the secondary source from your school’s library databases in the bibliography above.

Behavior Theories Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays

Behavior Theories   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wide study of human beings has led psychologists to the development of many theories explaining the elements that cause a persons behavior and attitude. In this paper I would like to reflect upon some of the theories we studied such as: the cultivation theory, social learning theory, the attribution theory, and the cognitive dissonance theory, and relate them to my life and surrounding environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’d like to first start off with the cultivation theory (also keep in mind the social learning theory, it is of the same nature). For those unfamiliar with this theory it states, the more media one consumes the more likely he or she will perceive the world as scary place. Now to be totally honest my views about violence in the media and its affects on people were pretty firm. I never agreed with this idea whatsoever. Because I myself watch a ton of violent programs and listen to probably the most controversial music today, it was hard for me to accept that this media was supposedly inflicting harm upon others physically and mentally, when in no harmful way did it affect me. I always felt that people who were â€Å"unintentionally† affected by the media and act out violently because of certain programs or music just needed a basis for their stupidity or in other words a cheap excuse. I just believe that if a child is persuaded into burning the family couch resulting in the death of his little sister because he saw it on a past episode of Bevis and Butthead, then I feel that child is unstable. It's not the content of the media we need to examine its the child that needs to be picked apart and dissected. I have yet to experience a personal situation like this in my life the only cases I can relate to are the ones put on display on TV and in the papers. Everyone has their own individual thoughts and mind frames, some choose to be leaders, while others choose to be followers, who do you think is more likely to be persuaded by the media? But I would like to say that after studying both the cultivation and social learning theories in class, I have been able to open up and accept that â€Å"some† media content can and has had a negative affect on â€Å"some† people. The most interesting thing that I never really thought about until after the discussion of these theories was learning that people are more likely to copy act ions that receive positiv... ...ated. This is one of the biggest problems among us college students today’s, drinking and driving, when are we going to realize its stupid. The answer to that would be Guys you know I don’t like drinking and driving BUT I’ll do it this one last time. When my friends and I go out we always try to have a DD, but a lot of the times being around people that are drinking and acting goofy, is very persuasive in getting that person to drink. Now what. Well now the parties over and everybody’s drunk, so who’s going to drive, obviously someone who was not willing to in the first place because they felt its not smart. But you know how quickly alcohol can change that, â€Å"I’ll drive I’m fine, no really I’m fine I only had about twelve beers, I can barely walk or talk, but I’ll drive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to say that learning about these theories and their meanings and differences has been totally interesting and helpful to me, honestly. I think its pretty cool to know a little bit more about people and why they act the way they do, particularly my family and friends and even myself. It has and will allow me to make better judgements about situations and the behaviors of others. Behavior Theories Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays Behavior Theories   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wide study of human beings has led psychologists to the development of many theories explaining the elements that cause a persons behavior and attitude. In this paper I would like to reflect upon some of the theories we studied such as: the cultivation theory, social learning theory, the attribution theory, and the cognitive dissonance theory, and relate them to my life and surrounding environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’d like to first start off with the cultivation theory (also keep in mind the social learning theory, it is of the same nature). For those unfamiliar with this theory it states, the more media one consumes the more likely he or she will perceive the world as scary place. Now to be totally honest my views about violence in the media and its affects on people were pretty firm. I never agreed with this idea whatsoever. Because I myself watch a ton of violent programs and listen to probably the most controversial music today, it was hard for me to accept that this media was supposedly inflicting harm upon others physically and mentally, when in no harmful way did it affect me. I always felt that people who were â€Å"unintentionally† affected by the media and act out violently because of certain programs or music just needed a basis for their stupidity or in other words a cheap excuse. I just believe that if a child is persuaded into burning the family couch resulting in the death of his little sister because he saw it on a past episode of Bevis and Butthead, then I feel that child is unstable. It's not the content of the media we need to examine its the child that needs to be picked apart and dissected. I have yet to experience a personal situation like this in my life the only cases I can relate to are the ones put on display on TV and in the papers. Everyone has their own individual thoughts and mind frames, some choose to be leaders, while others choose to be followers, who do you think is more likely to be persuaded by the media? But I would like to say that after studying both the cultivation and social learning theories in class, I have been able to open up and accept that â€Å"some† media content can and has had a negative affect on â€Å"some† people. The most interesting thing that I never really thought about until after the discussion of these theories was learning that people are more likely to copy act ions that receive positiv... ...ated. This is one of the biggest problems among us college students today’s, drinking and driving, when are we going to realize its stupid. The answer to that would be Guys you know I don’t like drinking and driving BUT I’ll do it this one last time. When my friends and I go out we always try to have a DD, but a lot of the times being around people that are drinking and acting goofy, is very persuasive in getting that person to drink. Now what. Well now the parties over and everybody’s drunk, so who’s going to drive, obviously someone who was not willing to in the first place because they felt its not smart. But you know how quickly alcohol can change that, â€Å"I’ll drive I’m fine, no really I’m fine I only had about twelve beers, I can barely walk or talk, but I’ll drive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to say that learning about these theories and their meanings and differences has been totally interesting and helpful to me, honestly. I think its pretty cool to know a little bit more about people and why they act the way they do, particularly my family and friends and even myself. It has and will allow me to make better judgements about situations and the behaviors of others.