Suffering In Crime And Punishment Essays (710 words) -

Enduring in Crime and Punishment In the novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, enduring is a fundamental piece of each character's job. Be that as it may, the message that Dostoevsky needs to give the primary character, Raskolnikov, isn't one of the Christian thought of salvation through languishing. Or maybe, it appears to me, as though the creator never lets his primary character endure intellectually all through the novel, corresponding to the wrongdoing, that is. His solitary torment is by all accounts physical sicknes. Raskolnikov submits a planned homicide in a condition of ridiculousness. He winds up submitting a subsequent homicide, which he never at any point needed to be answerable for. He slaughters Lizaveta, an exceedingly blameless individual. Be that as it may, does the creator ever help us to remember the homicide whenever in the novel once more? Not in the physical feeling of the wrongdoing itself. The peruser doesn't find out about how intensely the killings are burdening his heart, or how he is tormented by dreams of the wrongdoing. He doesn't feel even a tiny bit blameworthy about having carried out the wrongdoing, just his pride's hurt. He doesn't make reference to the possibility of the agony that may emerge from intermittent dreams of the wrongdoing. Raskolnikov never again reviews the gigantic measures of blood all over the place, the expression all over when he cuts down the hatchet on her head. These things obviously show that the wrongdoing isn't what may cause him enduring, or torment, it is something else. After Raskolnikov is sent off to Siberia, he doesn't feel contrite. His emotions haven't changed about his wrongdoing, he feels awful at not having the option to satisfying his own thoughts of significance. He develops discouraged just when he learns of his mom's passing. Raskolnikov still hasn't found any motivation to feel regret for his violations. He takes Siberia as his discipline, as a result of the fact that it is so irritating to experience every one of these customs, and ridicularities that it involves. However, he all things considered feels more good in Siberia than in his home in St. Petersburg. It's increasingly agreeable, and has preferable day to day environments over his own home. Yet, he isn't allowed to do whatever he prefers. Be that as it may, this does not repudiate what I've said previously. He doesn't see Siberia as enduring, however he views it as discipline, since he would prefer not need to experience seven years in his jail cell. His hypothesis of the remarkable, and the customary is something he needs to follow and hold fast to . His need to endure is a piece of his need to satisfy his obscure rules to be unprecedented. His enduring, assuming any, is absolutely shallow. Suffering needs to be genuine and very much indicated. Raskolnikov's enduring is rarely spoken about, basically in light of the fact that there is none. Indeed, even Raskolnikov sees his turning himself in as a botch, since he was unable to take the warmth. It is clear that Raskolnikov never is by all accounts in a pit of misery from all the experiencing he needs to confront the impact of the homicide. One may contend that Raskolnikov's ailments emerge from his blame and regret for the wrongdoings, however that doesn't seem conceivable. Since the character never refers to the homicide for his infection. Truth be told, Raskolnikov fell promptly wiped out in the wake of submitting the homicide. How could he struck by blame five seconds in the wake of submitting the homicide when he hasn't gotten an opportunity to perceive what occasions have quite recently happened? There is not a solitary occurrence when Raskolnikov, or the creator so far as that is concerned, ever refer to the sensational impact of the homicides on Raskolnikov's still, small voice for his awful sickness. NOTHING in the novel would even infer that he feels regret about submitting the homicides, it is only a senseless thought that has been embedded in individuals' brains and the seed has spread too quickly, without analization.It is inconceivably clear that all the alleged torment and enduring that Raskolnikov feels is false, senseless, and supported by no support. It would be warily stupid to endeavor to see it from another purpose of comprehension. Individuals are qualified for their own sentiments however the convictions of the at mistake larger part ought not overbear the convictions of the right minority. Acknowledgment of a hypothesis without investigation of it

Cinematography Of Hitchcocks Psycho Essays - English-language Films

Cinematography Of Hitchcock's Psycho Alfred Hitchcock is eminence as an ace cinematographer (and supervisor), despite his general splendor in the specialty of film. His decision of highly contrasting film for 1960 was respected inside the film business as whimsical since shading was maybe at any rate five years the new norm. In any case, this worked enormously well. All things considered, regardless of the ordinary filmgoer's despise for highly contrasting film, Psycho is prevalently proclaimed among film buffs as his best true to life accomplishment; to such an extent along these lines, that the man, a major name in himself, is related with the film, nearly abovehis impressive height. Envisioning it in shading, Psycho would not show up as horrendous, and possibly it would likewise not be, all in all, as bound together as it currently stands, nor essential. Highly contrasting has a nature of painting things distinctly, demonstrating obviously certainties about character, the passionate assurance or disposition, as in powerlessness, and other peculiar, absolutely aesthetic components. Standard among his works, Hitchcock opens the film with a drifting crane shot drifting over the setting of Phoenix, Arizona. Indeed, even without the strange, chilling soundtrack, the shot itself viewed in quietness brings out a bashful section into peril. In a long take it clears over the cityscape to fabricate introductory interest in the watcher, and afterward outperforms a shade brought window into the nearness of a lodging's trysting tenants. Right away the watcher is called into defying his/her carefulness with respect to things we are not usually intended to see, in such thoughts as security and great taste. How far ought to the law step into a man's reality before he is found with sensible certitude for participating in criminal operations? This question can at present strike a chord about Norman Bates when he's investigated by Arbigast, despite the fact that it follows his murder of Marion Crane. Norman clearly developing in strain, the camera savagely watches him from a low point, bearing its point on his throat as he hotly bites what's more, swallows treats corn bits. He's recommended as a casualty in a way, regardless of the watcher's (most likely, (in moral positive thinking)) routine help of the law. One can feel frustrated about him. Furthermore, what amount do we question Norman's character as he spies Marion stripping through the parlor divider peephole? Especially today the watcher would almost certainly address it not exactly one watching Psycho during its first, dramatic discharge, what with current movies' overwashing of the faculties in gore, mechanical sex and viciousness to program oblivious apathy in watchers. Perhaps it doesn't strike a chord as promptly on the grounds that directly subsequent to seeing the profile shot of Norman covering up in the peephole light and shadows, there's a slice to the camera's - or the watcher's - voyeuristic attack on Marion's protection. This diminishes Norman's culpability. Be that as it may, seeing him in the demonstration carries marvel to revealing people groups' insider facts. Possibly these models recommend engagement of aloof savagery or wrong to such an unobtrusive force, that the loathsomeness of the homicide scenes despite everything stun the present watcher. Obviously those scenes are further sensationalized by Hitchcock's quick altering; demonstrative of how wild and perilous occasions happen inside a trice of time in reality. Also, the amazement is saved by not thinking about the dynamic savagery in any extravagance, or further screen time. Authority of only a couple of center components in film obviously heighten its experience; of each of the, a convincing synergism for even an conventional story. Movies and Cinema

Academic Advising

Academic Advising College is an exciting adventure for students. It feels wonderful to have the time and freedom to chase your academic and professional goals. You have the chance to explore and develop your passions and satiate your intellectual curiosity in different academic areas. Many students will consider switching majors as they advance in their courses. Some will stick with the majors that they have chosen and elect to add a minor. Either way, its tough to do it alone. We all need a guide sometimes, and that is where your academic advisor comes in. I like to think of advisors as those characters from old video games who are meant to help you on your journey. Link obtaining his sword, Legend of Zelda, 1986. Meeting regularly with your advisor is vital to your academic success and progress. Your advisor will help you register for the right classes that fulfill your degree requirements. They will be your guide and help you manage your courses in order to keep you on the right path. Advisors also let you know about new academic opportunities in regard to industry immersion courses, travel abroad opportunities, or research opportunities. They stay informed and will even keep you informed of interesting internship opportunities that come across their desk. Theyre here to help, inform, and check in with how your classes are going. I know that my advisor has been an enormous help when it comes to planning my courseload as Ive progressed through my area of study. Without my advisors support and assistance, I would have been panicking this semester, but we worked together to develop a plan that will allow me to graduate right on schedule. So when you arrive here as a newly admitted student for registration, be sure to establish a good relationship with your academic advisor! Theyre here to help you. Tony Class of 2019 I am a first-generation, non-traditional, transfer student studying Advertising in the College of Media. I grew up in Pleasant Hill, Illinois and spent nearly 10 years recording and touring all over North America as a professional musician.

Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing - 1201 Words

Standardized testing is all based on your performance as a student on a specific day, time and place. What it doesn’t show is how you perform on a day to day basis. These types of test can be given in any type of form that requires test takers to answer the same questions, and is then scored in a â€Å"standard† or consistent manner. Students should not have to take standardized test because of many reasons. As a human I have days where I’m tired and didn’t get enough sleep the night before or it is just a day where I don’t have any energy or ambition to do anything. The administrators often tell you to make sure that you are well rested and have had something to eat before you take the test. That still won’t help me perform better on the†¦show more content†¦Which then takes away from the ultimate goal which is student success. There are many things wrong with standardized testing and they want to be able to get an understanding of a students knowledge, but if they stressed and don’t understand what is being asked they will not perform their best. WH8ch impacts them in many ways just by taking a test in one day. Another argument on why standardized testing is that they test you on one thing in a certain way that is â€Å"common† for everyone. This is not ideal since tI learn differently than others and from the person sitting next to me, but they are taking the same exact test and are expected to know the same as well. Everyone is their own person. They may be a visual learner, hands on, note taker, or just memorize certain things. How can they create a test that fits every students needs? If the test is seen as a common understanding of materials then students such as myself are at a disadvantage since we are often not given enough background knowledge to answer the questions effectively or completely.With standardized testing they only look at specific things. In the test they have sections of writing, reading and math. Everybody is their own person and they may struggle in math or with writing. Students have their own skills and things that they are interested in. Instead of being a math person they may enjoy science more so taking aShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Standardized Testing801 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial topic Since Middle School, I was not opposed to standardized testing. I thought of it as a way of testing us of what we have learned. Although, after reading some articles about standardized testing I am re-thinking the pros and cons. From personal experience, I thought of it as a challenge to pass them. But now that reminisce about it, I noticed some of the cons of standardized testing. I remember having a week or two dedicated for testing, and in case of students failing they had to take timeRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1400 Words   |  6 PagesEven though there are many downsides to standardized testing there are still viable reasons why they are still being used today. One of the main reasons includes the easy and quick access of testing students. Standardized testing allows schools to quickly access a large amount of students at one time. This is also one of the cheapest ways to tests such a large crowd due to machinery that grades which results in low tests costs f or students. These tests also help by setting a national curriculum forRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing1050 Words   |  5 Pageseducational world is standardized tests. All fifty states have their own standards following the common core curriculum. There are many positives and negatives that go with the standardized tests. A standardized test is any type of â€Å"examination thats administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner† (Popham, 1999). These standardized tests are either aptitude tests or achievement tests. Schools use achievement tests to compare students. There are pros to standardized examinations as toolsRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1025 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are standardized tests? Standardized tests are exams that are administered, scored, and interpreted in the same way for all students. Now there are many pros and cons of standardized testing however, I believe that public and private schools should just abolish standardized testing all together. These tests determine a student’s academic performance and each student is given the same test with the same questions and answers. These tests are designed to measure the students learning capabilitiesRead MorePros and Cons of Standardized Testing583 Words   |  2 PagesStandardized testing has its pros and cons I do not believe in it but I will give you proof for and against the testing. We will cover some the history and where the testing came from and why we do it. I will talk a little bit of how I feel about testing and how much we should focus on ho w the students do on the test. I have interviewed a few teachers that I had when I went to school and some personal friends that are teachers now and how it effects how they teach. Most historians trace the beginningRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesStandardized testing is a down fall to many students but also an opportunity for many others. Standardized testing has its pros and its cons. It can be the make it or break it factor into getting into colleges you are hoping to attend or the scholarships you want to earn. Some people may have their opinions about the test, whether they hate it or not but the fact is that it’s here to stay. What exactly is standardized testing you may ask, it is a test which measures the knowledge among differentRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1491 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing was introduced by French psychologist Alfred Binet in 1905. The test originated because Binet was commissioned by the French government to create a tool to identify which students needed remedial studies. Over time, the standardized tests evolved into multiple different tests in multiple subjects for varying age groups of students. The tests were initially seen as a way to test a large sum of people with the same general questions to see an individual’s knowledge. Some peopleRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1511 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years the educational system has faced various controversial issues, but the most recent one making a negative impact on students, is standardized testing. Standardized testing is a type of testing used to evaluate stud ents academic abilities . It is a way to measure if standards are being met but does not provide a variation in the type of administration based on the students needs (Sacks, 2000). In other words, all children are provided these test to track their learning progress basedRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1100 Words   |  5 Pagesscience, history, and science. Then, every year, students typically take one big standardized test, or even more. These tests are claimed to give educators an objective that’s unbiased. Standardized testing supposedly helps identify the natural tendency of individual students, identifying skill development and progress. However, are these things what standardized testing really do for students? Standardized testing only measures a small portion of what makes education substantial. This means thatRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing704 Words   |  3 Pagesschool. But the majority can attest to saying that they all hate standardized testing and the week that it brings. Every student knows this week all too well. From having one to two tests a day and then shortly after not being able to function properly on the rest of the school day. Many students will say that they all hate the idea of standardized testing and wish it to be gone. The real question stands though: is standardized testing increasing the performance of students? The main argument against

The Little-Known Secrets to Topics to Write an Othello Essay on

The Little-Known Secrets to Topics to Write an Othello Essay on The New Fuss About Topics to Write an Othello Essay on On-line writing is a really excellent medium, only recently offered. If you're scared of writing a great essay, availing essay help on the internet is everything that you require. Make sure your essay topic isn't broad, as it'll not be possible that you reveal the principal points. Choice of the essay topic is important portion of your efforts to compose a great essay. It is a short essay with 150-250 words. The SSAT essay is simply one more thing to be concerned about. Depending on the sort of essay, it may additionally have a summary which provides a brief of everything that's covered in the essay. Once you are finished selecting a topic, think of the correct format for your essay. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! Just get something on paper that you may eventually mold into a last item. As a person develops, he or she's taught to distinguish between the two so as to strengthen a feeling of right and wrong. It ought to be a topic that's easy, interesting, and at the identical time related to the function of the exercise. In truth, it can be a very enjoyable and fulfilling process. On the flip side, if you adore writing anyway, HubPages is a fantastic place to hang around as you're building up your stream of revenue or simply finding your audience, if money isn't your objective. Life, Death, and Topics to Write an Othello Essay on First it is necessary to understand what weight the essay really has in the admissions process, you'll be surprised! Try to remember the topic needs to be interesting and catching not just for you, but additionally for the instructor. You will discover that lots of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. The topic also needs to be the one which provides the students sufficient to write on. The Battle Over Topics to Write an Othello Essay on and How to Win It Describe the essence of jealousy and the way that it impacts people in Othello. Othello jealousy will definitely signify that Cassio is going to be killed. When students understand him, they are going to have deeper feeling of what Othello is about. By way of example, Iago is the traditional villainan evildoer with extraordinary manipulative powers and the capacity to make chaos. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing perspective. The first point to know is what they're looking for. If you get a n invitation, you're in the running, but it isn't a guaranteed spot. You've got to compose several academic papers over the span of a year. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you wish to avoid low high quality services. Hence, if you believe banking essays are boring just like your company studies are, then you're probably wrong here. Banking essays can be real fun to play with if you've got a comprehensive understanding about the discipline and have keen interest in writing, so should you believe that you cannot write decent banking essays than again you're erroneous. History of internet banking 6. Getting the Best Topics to Write an Othello Essay on The previous stanza, nevertheless, is somewhat different. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. When you follow your intended language from the beginning, you will produce the essay more consistent to the conventions of that language. When it is argumentative or informative essays, you have to develop a topic that could grab the interest of the reader right away and this isn't such an easy job. To begin with, the author ought to choose a topic to discuss. When you select the essay topics, think if you're able to say something interesting through it. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. Ok, I Think I Understand Topics to Write an Othello Essay on, Now Tell Me About Topics to Write an Othello Essay on! You write on an impressively wide selection of topics. Make certain you have every bit of information concerning the topic you are managing in essays on media. Meanwhile, you may also find guides on our site that will allow you to compose any kind of paper for you on the presented topics. You are able to provide some solutions to the issue of different varieties of pollutions. As always, should you use one of the ideas, I'd really like to hear about doing it. Our reviews contain details such as the score of the clients, our rating, starting prices, Discounts, and grade of the papers. So, the choice of the topic is most important.

The Twilight Saga 5 Midnight Sun 3. Phenomenon Free Essays

Truly, I was not thirsty, but I decided to hunt again that night. A small ounce of prevention, inadequate though I knew it to be. Carlisle came with me; we hadn’t been alone together since I’d returned from Denali. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 3. Phenomenon or any similar topic only for you Order Now As we ran through the black forest, I heard him thinking about that hasty goodbye last week. In his memory, I saw the way my features had been twisted in fierce despair. I felt his surprise and sudden worry. â€Å"Edward?† â€Å"I have to go, Carlisle. I have to go now.† â€Å"What’s happened?† â€Å"Nothing. Yet. But it will, if I stay.† He’d reached for my arm. I felt how it had hurt him when I’d cringed away from his hand. â€Å"I don’t understand.† â€Å"Have you ever†¦has there ever been a time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I watched myself take a deep breath, saw the wild light in my eyes through the filter of his deep concern. â€Å"Has any one person ever smelled better to you than the rest of them? Much better?† â€Å"Oh.† When I’d known that he understood, my face had fallen with shame. He’d reached out to touch me, ignoring it when I’d recoiled again, and left his hand on my shoulder. â€Å"Do what you must to resist, son. I will miss you. Here, take my car. It’s faster.† He was wondering now if he’d done the right thing then, sending me away. Wondering if he hadn’t hurt me with his lack of trust. â€Å"No,† I whispered as I ran. â€Å"That was what I needed. I might so easily have betrayed that trust, if you’d told me to stay.† â€Å"I’m sorry you’re suffering, Edward. But you should do what you can to keep the Swan child alive. Even if it means that you must leave us again.† â€Å"I know, I know.† â€Å"Why did you come back? You know how happy I am to have you here, but if this is too difficult†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I didn’t like feeling a coward,† I admitted. We’d slowed – we were barely jogging through the darkness now. â€Å"Better that than to put her in danger. She’ll be gone in a year or two.† â€Å"You’re right, I know that.† Contrarily, though, his words only made me more anxious to stay. The girl would be gone in a year or two†¦ Carlisle stopped running and I stopped with him; he turned to examine my expression. But you’re not going to run, are you? I hung my head. Is it pride, Edward? There’s no shame in – â€Å"No, it isn’t pride that keeps me here. Not now.† Nowhere to go? I laughed shortly. â€Å"No. That wouldn’t stop me, if I could make myself leave.† â€Å"We’ll come with you, of course, if that’s what you need. You only have to ask. You’ve moved on without complaint for the rest of them. They won’t begrudge you this.† I raised one eyebrow. He laughed. â€Å"Yes, Rosalie might, but she owes you. Anyway, it’s much better for us to leave now, no damage done, than for us to leave later, after a life has been ended.† All humor was gone by the end. I flinched at his words. â€Å"Yes,† I agreed. My voice sounded hoarse. But you’re not leaving? I sighed. â€Å"I should.† â€Å"What holds you here, Edward? I’m failing to see†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I don’t know if I can explain.† Even to myself, it made no sense. He measured my expression for a long moment. No, I do not see. But I will respect your privacy, if you prefer. â€Å"Thank you. It’s generous of you, seeing as how I give privacy to no one.† With one exception. And I was doing what I could to deprive her of that, wasn’t I? We all have our quirks. He laughed again. Shall we? He’d just caught the scent of a small herd of deer. It was hard to rally much enthusiasm for what was, even under the best of circumstances, a less than mouthwatering aroma. Right now, with the memory of the girl’s blood fresh in my mind, the smell actually turned my stomach. I sighed. â€Å"Let’s,† I agreed, though I knew that forcing more blood down my throat would help so little. We both shifted into a hunting crouch and let the unappealing scent pull us silently forward. It was colder when we returned home. The melted snow had refrozen; it was as if a thin sheet of glass covered everything – each pine needle, each fern frond, each blade of grass was iced over. While Carlisle went to dress for his early shift at the hospital, I stayed by the river, waiting for the sun to rise. I felt almost swollen from the amount of blood I’d consumed, but I knew the lack of actual thirst would mean little when I sat beside the girl again. Cool and motionless as the stone I sat on, I stared at the dark water running beside the icy bank, stared right through it. Carlisle was right. I should leave Forks. They could spread some story to explain my absence. Boarding school in Europe. Visiting distant relatives. Teenage runaway. The story didn’t matter. No one would question too intensely. It was just a year or two, and then the girl would disappear. She would go on with her life – she would have a life to go on with. She’d go to college somewhere, get older, start a career, perhaps marry someone. I could picture that – I could see the girl dressed all in white and walking at a measured pace, her arm through her father’s. It was odd, the pain that image caused me. I couldn’t understand it. Was I jealous, because she had a future that I could never have? That made no sense. Every one of the humans around me had that same potential ahead of them – a life – and I rarely stopped to envy them. I should leave her to her future. Stop risking her life. That was the right thing to do. Carlisle always chose the right way. I should listen to him now. The sun rose behind the clouds, and the faint light glistened off all the frozen glass. One more day, I decided. I would see her one more time. I could handle that. Perhaps I would mention my pending disappearance, set the story up. This was going to be difficult; I could feel that in the heavy reluctance that was already making me think of excuses to stay – to extend the deadline to two days, three, four†¦ But I would do the right thing. I knew I could trust Carlisle’s advice. And I also knew that I was too conflicted to make the right decision alone. Much too conflicted. How much of this reluctance came from my obsessive curiosity, and how much came from my unsatisfied appetite? I went inside to change into fresh clothes for school. Alice was waiting for me, sitting on the top step at the edge of the third floor. You’re leaving again, she accused me. I sighed and nodded. I can’t see where you’re going this time. â€Å"I don’t know where I’m going yet,† I whispered. I want you to stay. I shook my head. Maybe Jazz and I could come with you? â€Å"They’ll need you all the more, if I’m not here to watch out for them. And think of Esme. Would you take half her family away in one blow?† You’re going to make her so sad. â€Å"I know. That’s why you have to stay.† That’s not the same as having you here, and you know it. â€Å"Yes. But I have to do what’s right.† There are many right ways, and many wrong ways, though, aren’t there? For a brief moment she was swept away into one of her strange visions; I watched along with her as the indistinct images flickered and whirled. I saw myself mixed in with strange shadows that I couldn’t make out – hazy, imprecise forms. And then, suddenly, my skin was glittering in the bright sunlight of a small open meadow. This was a place I knew. There was a figure in the meadow with me, but, again, it was indistinct, not there enough to recognize. The images shivered and disappeared as a million tiny choices rearranged the future again. â€Å"I didn’t catch much of that,† I told her when the vision went dark. Me either. Your future is shifting around so much I can’t keep up with any of it. I think, though†¦ She stopped, and she flipped through a vast collection of other recent visions for me. They were all the same – blurry and vague. â€Å"I think something is changing, though,† she said out loud. â€Å"Your life seems to be at a crossroads.† I laughed grimly. â€Å"You do realize that you sound like a bogus gypsy at a carnival now, right?† She stuck her tiny tongue out at me. â€Å"Today is all right, though, isn’t it?† I asked, my voice abruptly apprehensive. â€Å"I don’t see you killing anyone today,† she assured me. â€Å"Thanks, Alice.† â€Å"Go get dressed. I won’t say anything – I’ll let you tell the others when you’re ready.† She stood and darted back down the stairs, her shoulders hunched slightly. Miss you. Really. Yes, I would really miss her, too. It was a quiet ride to school. Jasper could tell that Alice was upset about something, but he knew that if she wanted to talk about it she would have done so already. Emmett and Rosalie were oblivious, having another of their moments, gazing into each others’ eyes with wonder – it was rather disgusting to watch from the outside. We were all quite aware how desperately in love they were. Or maybe I was just being bitter because I was the only one alone. Some days it was harder than others to live with three sets of perfectly matched lovers. This was one of them. Maybe they would all be happier without me hanging around, ill-tempered and belligerent as the old man I should be by now. Of course, the first thing I did when we reached the school was to look for the girl. Just preparing myself again. Right. It was embarrassing how my world suddenly seemed to be empty of everything but her – my whole existence centered around the girl, rather than around myself anymore. It was easy enough to understand, though, really; after eighty years of the same thing every day and every night, any change became a point of absorption. She had not yet arrived, but could I hear the thunderous chugging of her truck’s engine in the distance. I leaned against the side of the car to wait. Alice stayed with me, while the others went straight to class. They were bored with my fixation – it was incomprehensible to them how any human could hold my interest for so long, no matter how delicious she smelled. The girl drove slowly into view, her eyes intent on the road and her hands tight on the wheel. She seemed anxious about something. It took me a second to figure out what that something was, to realize that every human wore the same expression today. Ah, the road was slick with ice, and they were all trying to drive more carefully. I could see she was taking the added risk seriously. That seemed in line with what little I had learned of her character. I added this to my small list: she was a serious person, a responsible person. She parked not too far from me, but she hadn’t noticed me standing here yet, staring at her. I wondered what she would do when she did? Blush and walk away? That was my first guess. But maybe she would stare back. Maybe she would come to talk to me. I took a deep breath, filling my lungs hopefully, just in case. She got out of the truck with care, testing the slick ground before she put her weight on it. She didn’t look up, and that frustrated me. Maybe I would go talk to her†¦ No, that would be wrong. Instead of turning toward the school, she made her way to the rear of her truck, clinging to the side of the truck bed in a droll way, not trusting her footing. It made me smile, and I felt Alice’s eyes on my face. I didn’t listen to whatever this made her think – I was having too much fun watching the girl check her snow chains. She actually looked in some danger of falling, the way her feet were sliding around. No one else was having trouble – had she parked in the worst of the ice? She paused there, staring down with a strange expression on her face. It was†¦tender? As if something about the tire was making her†¦emotional? Again, the curiosity ached like a thirst. It was as if I had to know what she was thinking – as if nothing else mattered. I would go talk to her. She looked like she could use a hand anyway, at least until she was off the slick pavement. Of course, I couldn’t offer her that, could I? I hesitated, torn. As adverse as she seemed to be to snow, she would hardly welcome the touch of my cold white hand. I should have worn gloves – â€Å"NO!† Alice gasped aloud. Instantly, I scanned her thoughts, guessing at first that I had made a poor choice and she saw me doing something inexcusable. But it had nothing to do with me at all. Tyler Crowley had chosen to take the turn into the parking lot at an injudicious speed. This choice would send him skidding across a patch of ice†¦ The vision came just half a second before the reality. Tyler’s van rounded the corner as I was still watching the conclusion that had pulled the horrified gasp through Alice’s lips. No, this vision had nothing to do with me, and yet it had everything to do with me, because Tyler’s van – the tires right now hitting the ice at the worst possible angle – was going to spin across the lot and crush the girl who had become the uninvited focal point of my world. Even without Alice’s foresight it would have been simple enough to read the trajectory of the vehicle, flying out of Tyler’s control. The girl, standing in the exactly wrong place at the back of her truck, looked up, bewildered by the sound of the screeching tires. She looked straight into my horrorstruck eyes, and then turned to watch her approaching death. Not her! The words shouted in my head as if they belonged to someone else. Still locked into Alice’s thoughts, I saw the vision suddenly shift, but I had no time to see what the outcome would be. I launched myself across the lot, throwing myself between the skidding van and the frozen girl. I moved so fast that everything was a streaky blur except for the object of my focus. She didn’t see me – no human eyes could have followed my flight – still staring at the hulking shape that was about to grind her body into the metal frame of her truck. I caught her around the waist, moving with too much urgency to be as gentle as she would need me to be. In the hundredth of a second between the time that I yanked her slight form out of the path of death and the time that I crashed into to the ground with her in my arms, I was vividly aware of her fragile, breakable body. When I heard her head crack against the ice, it felt like I had turned to ice, too. But I didn’t even have a full second to ascertain her condition. I heard the van behind us, grating and squealing as it twisted around the sturdy iron body of the girl’s truck. It was changing course, arcing, coming for her again – like she was a magnet, pulling it toward us. A word I’d never said before in the presence of a lady slid between my clenched teeth. I had already done too much. As I’d nearly flown through the air to push her out of the way, I’d been fully aware of the mistake I was making. Knowing that it was a mistake did not stop me, but I was not oblivious to the risk I was taking – taking, not just for myself, but for my entire family. Exposure. And this certainly wasn’t going to help, but there was no way I was going to allow the van to succeed in its second attempt to take her life. I dropped her and threw my hands out, catching the van before it could touch the girl. The force of it hurled me back into the car parked beside her truck, and I could feel its frame buckle behind my shoulders. The van shuddered and shivered against the unyielding obstacle of my arms, and then swayed, balancing unstably on the two far tires. If I moved my hands, the back tire of the van was going fall onto her legs. Oh, for the love of all that was holy, would the catastrophes never end? Was there anything else that could go wrong? I could hardly sit here, holding the van in the air, and wait for rescue. Nor could I throw the van away – there was the driver to consider, his thoughts incoherent with panic. With an internal groan, I shoved the van so that it rocked away from us for an instant. As it fell back toward me, I caught it under the frame with my right hand while I wrapped my left arm around the girl’s waist again and drug her out from under the van, pulling her tight up against my side. Her body moved limply as I swung her around so that her legs would be in the clear – was she conscious? How much damage had I done to her in my impromptu rescue attempt? I let the van drop, now that it could not hurt her. It crashed to the pavement, all the windows shattering in unison. I knew that I was in the middle of a crisis. How much had she seen? Had any other witnesses watched me materialize at her side and then juggle the van while I tried to keep her out from under it? These questions should be my biggest concern. But I was too anxious to really care about the threat of exposure as much as I should. Too panic-stricken that I might have injured her myself in my effort to protect her. Too frightened to have her this close to me, knowing what I would smell if I allowed myself to inhale. Too aware of the heat of her soft body, pressed against mine – even through the double obstacle of our jackets, I could feel that heat†¦ The first fear was the greatest fear. As the screaming of the witnesses erupted around us, I leaned down to examine her face, to see if she was conscious – hoping fiercely that she was not bleeding anywhere. Her eyes were open, staring in shock. â€Å"Bella?† I asked urgently. â€Å"Are you all right?† â€Å"I’m fine.† She said the words automatically in a dazed voice. Relief, so exquisite it was nearly pain, washed through me at the sound of her voice. I sucked in a breath through my teeth, and did not mind the accompanying burn in my throat. I almost welcomed it. She struggled to sit up, but I was not ready to release her. It felt somehow†¦safer? Better, at least, having her tucked into my side. â€Å"Be careful,† I warned her. â€Å"I think you hit your head pretty hard.† There had been no smell of fresh blood – a mercy, that – but this did not rule out internal damage. I was abruptly anxious to get her to Carlisle and a full compliment of radiology equipment. â€Å"Ow,† she said, her tone comically shocked as she realized I was right about her head. â€Å"That’s what I thought.† Relief made it funny to me, made me almost giddy. â€Å"How in the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice trailed off, and her eyelids fluttered. â€Å"How did you get over here so fast?† The relief turned sour, the humor vanished. She had noticed too much. Now that it appeared that the girl was in decent shape, the anxiety for my family became severe. â€Å"I was standing right next to you, Bella.† I knew from experience that if I was very confident as I lied, it made any questioner less sure of the truth. She struggled to move again, and this time I allowed it. I needed to breathe so that I could play my role correctly. I needed space from her warm-blooded heat so that it would not combine with her scent to overwhelm me. I slid away from her, as far as was possible in the small space between the wrecked vehicles. She stared up at me, and I stared back. To look away first was a mistake only an incompetent liar would make, and I was not an incompetent liar. My expression was smooth, benign†¦ It seemed to confuse her. That was good. The accident scene was surrounded now. Mostly students, children, peering and pushing through the cracks to see if any mangled bodies were visible. There was a babble of shouting and a gush of shocked thought. I scanned the thoughts once to make sure there were no suspicions yet, and then tuned it out and concentrated only on the girl. She was distracted by the bedlam. She glanced around, her expression still stunned, and tried to get to her feet. I put my hand lightly on her shoulder to hold her down. â€Å"Just stay put for now.† She seemed alright, but should she really be moving her neck? Again, I wished for Carlisle. My years of theoretical medical study were no match for his centuries of hands-on medical practice. â€Å"But it’s cold,† she objected. She had almost been crushed to death two distinct times and crippled one more, and it was the cold that worried her. A chuckle slid through my teeth before I could remember that the situation was not funny. Bella blinked, and then her eyes focused on my face. â€Å"You were over there.† That sobered me again. She glanced toward the south, though there was nothing to see now but the crumpled side of the van. â€Å"You were by your car.† â€Å"No, I wasn’t.† â€Å"I saw you,† she insisted; her voice was childlike when she was being stubborn. Her chin jutted out. â€Å"Bella, I was standing with you, and I pulled you out of the way.† I stared deeply into her wide eyes, trying to will her into accepting my version – the only rational version on the table. Her jaw set. â€Å"No.† I tried to stay calm, to not panic. If only I could keep her quiet for a few moments, to give me a chance to destroy the evidence†¦.and undermine her story by disclosing her head injury. Shouldn’t it be easy to keep this silent, secretive girl quiet? If only she would trust me, just for a few moments†¦ â€Å"Please, Bella,† I said, and my voice was too intense, because I suddenly wanted her to trust me. Wanted it badly, and not just in regards to this accident. A stupid desire. What sense would it make for her to trust me? â€Å"Why?† she asked, still defensive. â€Å"Trust me,† I pleaded. â€Å"Will you promise to explain everything to me later?† It made me angry to have to lie to her again, when I so much wished that I could somehow deserve her trust. So, when I answered her, it was a retort. â€Å"Fine.† â€Å"Fine,† she echoed in the same tone. While the rescue attempt began around us – adults arriving, authorities called, sirens in the distance – I tried to ignore the girl and get my priorities in the right order. I searched through every mind in the lot, the witnesses and the latecomers both, but I could find nothing dangerous. Many were surprised to see me here beside Bella, but all concluded – as there was no other possible conclusion – that they had just not noticed me standing by the girl before the accident. She was the only one who didn’t accept the easy explanation, but she would be considered the least reliable witness. She had been frightened, traumatized, not to mention sustaining the blow to the head. Possibly in shock. It would be acceptable for her story to be confused, wouldn’t it? No one would give it much credence above so many other spectators†¦ I winced when I caught the thoughts of Rosalie, Jasper and Emmett, just arriving on the scene. There would be hell to pay for this tonight. I wanted to iron out the indention my shoulders had made against the tan car, but the girl was too close. I’d have to wait till she was distracted. It was frustrating to wait – so many eyes on me – as the humans struggled with the van, trying to pull it away from us. I might have helped them, just to speed the process, but I was already in enough trouble and the girl had sharp eyes. Finally, they were able to shift it far enough away for the EMTs to get to us with their stretchers. A familiar, grizzled face appraised me. â€Å"Hey, Edward,† Brett Warner said. He was also a registered nurse, and I knew him well from the hospital. It was a stroke of luck – the only luck today – that he was the first through to us. In his thoughts, he was noting that I looked alert and calm. â€Å"You okay, kid?† â€Å"Perfect, Brett. Nothing touched me. But I’m afraid Bella here might have a concussion. She really hit her head when I yanked her out of the way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Brett turned his attention to the girl, who shot me a fierce look of betrayal. Oh, that was right. She was the quiet martyr – she’d prefer to suffer in silence. She did not contradict my story immediately, though, and this made me feel easier. The next EMT tried to insist that I allow myself to be treated, but it wasn’t too difficult to dissuade him. I promised I would let my father examine me, and he let it go. With most humans, speaking with cool assurance was all that was needed. Most humans, just not the girl, of course. Did she fit into any of the normal patterns? As they put a neck brace on her – and her face flushed scarlet with embarrassment – I used the moment of distraction to quietly rearrange the shape of the dent in the tan car with the back of my foot. Only my siblings noticed what I was doing, and I heard Emmett’s mental promise to catch anything I missed. Grateful for his help – and more grateful that Emmett, at least, had already forgiven my dangerous choice – I was more relaxed as I climbed into the front seat of the ambulance next to Brett. The chief of police arrived before they had gotten Bella into the back of the ambulance. Though Bella’s father’s thoughts were past words, the panic and concern emanating out of the man’s mind drown out just about every other thought in the vicinity. Wordless anxiety and guilt, a great swell of them, washed out of him as he saw his only daughter on the gurney. Washed out of him and through me, echoing and growing stronger. When Alice had warned me that killing Charlie Swan’s daughter would kill him, too, she had not been exaggerating. My head bowed with that guilt as I listened to his panicked voice. â€Å"Bella!† he shouted. â€Å"I’m completely fine, Char – Dad.† She sighed. â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with me.† Her assurance barely soothed his dread. He turned at once to the closest EMT and demanded more information. I wasn’t until I heard him speaking, forming perfectly coherent sentences despite his panic, that I realized that his anxiety and concern were not wordless. I just†¦could not hear the exact words. Hmm. Charlie Swan was not as silent as his daughter, but I could see where she got it from. Interesting. I’d never spent much time around the town’s police chief. I’d always taken him for a man of slow thought – now I realized that I was the one who was slow. His thoughts were partially concealed, not absent. I could only make out the tenor, the tone of them†¦ I wanted to listen harder, to see if I could find in this new, lesser puzzle the key to the girl’s secrets. But Bella was loaded into the back by then, and the ambulance was on its way. It was hard to tear myself away from this possible solution to the mystery that had come to obsess me. But I had to think now – to look at what had been done today from every angle. I had to listen, to make sure that I had not put us all in so much danger that we would have to leave immediately. I had to concentrate. There was nothing in the thoughts of the EMTs to worry me. As far as they could tell, there was nothing seriously wrong with the girl. And Bella was sticking to the story I’d provided, thus far. The first priority, when we reached the hospital, was to see Carlisle. I hurried through the automatic doors, but I was unable to totally forgo watching after Bella; I kept an eye on her through the paramedics’ thoughts. It was easy to find my father’s familiar mind. He was in his small office, all alone – the second stroke of luck in this luckless day. â€Å"Carlisle.† He’d heard my approach, and he was alarmed as soon as he saw my face. He jumped to his feet, his face paling to bone white. He leaned forward across the neatly organized walnut desk. Edward – you didn’t – â€Å"No, no, it’s not that.† He took deep breath. Of course not. I’m sorry I entertained the thought. Your eyes, of course, I should have known†¦ He noted my still-golden eyes with relief. â€Å"She’s hurt, though, Carlisle, probably not seriously, but – â€Å" â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"A stupid car accident. She was in the wrong place at the wrong time. But I couldn’t just stand there – let it crush her – â€Å" Start over, I don’t understand. How were you involved? â€Å"A van skidded across the ice,† I whispered. I stared at the wall behind him while I spoke. Instead of a throng of framed diplomas, he had one simple oil painting – a favorite of his, an undiscovered Hassam. â€Å"She was in the way. Alice saw it coming, but there wasn’t time to do anything but really run across the lot and shove her out of the way. No one noticed†¦except for her. I had to stop the van, too, but again, nobody saw that†¦besides her. I’m†¦I’m sorry Carlisle. I didn’t mean to put us in danger.† He circled the desk and put his hand on my shoulder. You did the right thing. And it couldn’t have been easy for you. I’m proud of you, Edward. I could look him in the eye then. â€Å"She knows there’s something†¦wrong with me.† â€Å"That doesn’t matter. If we have to leave, we leave. What has she said?† I shook my head, a little frustrated. â€Å"Nothing yet.† Yet? â€Å"She agreed to my version of events – but she’s expecting an explanation.† He frowned, pondering this. â€Å"She hit her head – well, I did that,† I continued quickly. â€Å"I knocked her to the ground fairly hard. She seems fine, but†¦ I don’t think it will take much to discredit her account.† I felt like a cad just saying the words. Carlisle heard the distaste in my voice. Perhaps that won’t be necessary. Let’s see what happens, shall we? It sounds like I have a patient to check on. â€Å"Please,† I said. â€Å"I’m so worried that I hurt her.† Carlisle’s expression brightened. He smoothed his fair hair – just a few shades lighter than his golden eyes – and he laughed. It’s been an interesting day for you, hasn’t it? In his mind, I could see the irony, and it was humorous, at least to him. Quite the reversal of roles. Somewhere during that short thoughtless second when I’d sprinted across the icy lot, I had transformed from killer to protector. I laughed with him, remembering how sure I’d been that Bella would never need protecting from anything more than myself. There was an edge to my laugh because, van notwithstanding, that was still entirely true. I waited alone in Carlisle’s office – one of the longer hours I had ever lived – listening to the hospital full of thoughts. Tyler Crowley, the van’s driver, looked to be hurt worse than Bella, and the attention shifted to him while she waited her turn to be X-rayed. Carlisle kept in the background, trusting the PA’s diagnosis that the girl was only slightly injured. This made me anxious, but I knew he was right. One glance at his face and she would be immediately reminded of me, of the fact that there was something not right about my family, and that might set her talking. She certainly had a willing enough partner to converse with. Tyler was consumed with guilt over the fact that he had almost killed her, and he couldn’t seem to shut up about it. I could see her expression through his eyes, and it was clear that she wished he would stop. How did he not see that? There was a tense moment for me when Tyler asked her how she’d gotten out of the way. I waited, not breathing, as she hesitated. â€Å"Um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he heard her say. Then she paused for so long that Tyler wondered if his question had confused her. Finally, she went on. â€Å"Edward pulled me out of the way.† I exhaled. And then my breathing accelerated. I’d never heard her speak my name before. I like the way it sounded – even just hearing it through Tyler’s thoughts. I wanted to hear it for myself†¦ â€Å"Edward Cullen,† she said, when Tyler didn’t realize who she meant. I found myself at the door, my hand on the knob. The desire to see her was growing stronger. I had to remind myself of the need for caution. â€Å"He was standing next to me.† â€Å"Cullen?† Huh. That’s weird. â€Å"I didn’t see him.† I could have sworn†¦ â€Å"Wow, it was all so fast, I guess. Is he okay?† â€Å"I think so. He’s here somewhere, but they didn’t make him use a stretcher.† I saw the thoughtful look on her face, the suspicious tightening of her eyes, but these little changes in her expression were lost on Tyler. She’s pretty, he was thinking, almost in surprise. Even all messed up. Not my usual type, still†¦ I should take her out. Make up for today†¦ I was out in the hall, then, halfway to the emergency room, without thinking for one second about what I was doing. Luckily, the nurse entered the room before I could – it was Bella’s turn for X-rays. I leaned against the wall in a dark nook just around the corner, and tried to get a grip on myself while she was wheeled away. It didn’t matter that Tyler thought she was pretty. Anyone would notice that. There was no reason for me to feel†¦how did I feel? Annoyed? Or was angry closer to the truth? That made no sense at all. I stayed where I was for as long as I could, but impatience got the best of me and I took a back way around to the radiology room. She’d already been moved back to the ER, but I was able to take a peek at her x-rays while the nurse’s back was turned. I felt calmer when I had. Her head was fine. I hadn’t hurt her, not really. Carlisle caught me there. You look better, he commented. I just looked straight ahead. We weren’t alone, the halls full of orderlies and visitors. Ah, yes. He stuck her x-rays to the lightboard, but I didn’t need a second look. I see. She’s absolutely fine. Well done, Edward. The sound of my father’s approval created a mixed reaction in me. I would have been pleased, except that I knew that he would not approve of what I was going to do now. At least, he would not approve if he knew my real motivations†¦ â€Å"I think I’m going to go talk to her – before she sees you,† I murmured under my breath. â€Å"Act natural, like nothing happened. Smooth it over.† All acceptable reasons. Carlisle nodded absently, still looking over the x-rays. â€Å"Good idea. Hmm.† I looked to see what had his interest. Look at all the healed contusions! How many times did her mother drop her? Carlisle laughed to himself at his joke. â€Å"I’m beginning to think the girl just has really bad luck. Always in the wrong place at the wrong time.† Forks is certainly the wrong place for her, with you here. I flinched. Go ahead. Smooth things over. I’ll join you momentarily. I walked away quickly, feeling guilty. Perhaps I was too good a liar, if I could fool Carlisle. When I got to the ER, Tyler was mumbling under his breath, still apologizing. The girl was trying to escape his remorse by pretending to sleep. Her eyes were closed, but her breathing was not even, and now and then her fingers would twitch impatiently. I stared at her face for a long moment. This was the last time I would see her. That fact triggered an acute aching in my chest. Was it because I hated to leave any puzzle unsolved? That did not seem like enough of an explanation. Finally, I took a deep breath and moved into view. When Tyler saw me, he started to speak, but I put one finger to my lips. â€Å"Is she sleeping?† I murmured. Bella’s eyes snapped open and focused on my face. They widened momentarily, and then narrowed in anger or suspicion. I remembered that I had a role to play, so I smiled at her as if nothing unusual had happened this morning – besides a blow to her head and a bit of imagination run wild. â€Å"Hey, Edward,† Tyler said. â€Å"I’m really sorry – â€Å" I raised one hand to halt his apology. â€Å"No blood, no foul,† I said wryly. Without thinking, I smiled too widely at my private joke. It was amazingly easy to ignore Tyler, lying no more than four feet from me, covered in fresh blood. I’d never understood how Carlisle was able to do that – ignore the blood of his patients in order to treat them. Wouldn’t the constant temptation be so distracting, so dangerous†¦? But, now†¦ I could see how, if you were focusing on something else hard enough, the temptation was be nothing at all. Even fresh and exposed, Tyler’s blood had nothing on Bella’s. I kept my distance from her, seating myself on the foot of Tyler’s mattress. â€Å"So, what’s the verdict?† I asked her. Her lower lip pushed out a little. â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with me at all, but they won’t let me go. How come you aren’t strapped to a gurney like the rest of us?† Her impatience made me smile again. I could hear Carlisle in the hall now. â€Å"It’s all about who you know,† I said lightly. â€Å"But don’t worry, I came to spring you.† I watched her reaction carefully as my father entered the room. Her eyes widened and her mouth actually fell open in surprise. I groaned internally. Yes, she’d certainly noticed the resemblance. â€Å"So, Miss Swan, how are you feeling?† Carlisle asked. He had a wonderfully soothing beside manner that put most patients at ease within moments. I couldn’t tell how it affected Bella. â€Å"I’m fine,† she said quietly. Carlisle clipped her X-rays to the lightboard by the bed. â€Å"Your X-rays look good. Does your head hurt? Edward said you hit it pretty hard.† She sighed, and said, â€Å"I’m fine,† again, but this time impatience leaked into her voice. Then she glowered once in my direction. Carlisle stepped closer to her and ran his fingers gently over her scalp until he found the bump under her hair. I was caught off guard by the wave of emotion that crashed over me. I had seen Carlisle work with humans a thousand times. Years ago, I had even assisted him informally – though only in situations where blood was not involved. So it wasn’t a new thing to me, to watch him interact with the girl as if he were as human as she was. I’d envied his control many times, but that was not the same as this emotion. I envied him more than his control. I ached for the difference between Carlisle and me – that he could touch her so gently, without fear, knowing he would never harm her†¦ She winced, and I twitched in my seat. I had to concentrate for a moment to keep my relaxed posture. â€Å"Tender?† Carlisle asked. Her chin jerked up a fraction. â€Å"Not really,† she said. Another small piece of her character fell into place: she was brave. She didn’t like to show weakness. Possibly the most vulnerable creature I’d ever seen, and she didn’t want to seem weak. A chuckle slid through my lips. She shot another glare at me. â€Å"Well,† Carlisle said. â€Å"Your father is in the waiting room – you can go home with him now. But come back if you feel dizzy or have trouble with your eyesight at all.† Her father was here? I swept through the thoughts in the crowded waiting room, but I couldn’t pick his subtle mental voice out of the group before she was speaking again, her face anxious. â€Å"Can’t I go back to school?† â€Å"Maybe you should take it easy today,† Carlisle suggested. Her eyes flickered back to me. â€Å"Does he get to go to school?† Act normal, smooth things over†¦ignore the way it feels when she looks me in the eye†¦ â€Å"Someone has to spread the good news that we survived,† I said. â€Å"Actually,† Carlisle corrected, â€Å"most of the school seems to be in the waiting room.† I anticipated her reaction this time – her aversion to attention. She didn’t disappoint. â€Å"Oh no,† she moaned, and she put her hands over her face. I liked that I’d finally guessed right. I was beginning to understand her†¦ â€Å"Do you want to stay?† Carlisle asked. â€Å"No, no!† she said quickly, swinging her legs over the side of the mattress and sliding down till her feet were on the floor. She stumbled forward, off-balance, into Carlisle’s arms. He caught and steadied her. Again, the envy flooded through me. â€Å"I’m fine,† she said before he could comment, faint pink in her cheeks. Of course, that wouldn’t bother Carlisle. He made sure she was balanced, and then dropped his hands. â€Å"Take some Tylenol for the pain,† he instructed. â€Å"It doesn’t hurt that bad.† Carlisle smiled as he signed her chart. â€Å"It sounds like you were extremely lucky.† She turned her face slightly, to stare at me with hard eyes. â€Å"Lucky Edward happened to be standing next to me.† â€Å"Oh, well, yes,† Carlisle agreed quickly, hearing the same thing in her voice that I heard. She hadn’t written her suspicions off as imagination. Not yet. All yours, Carlisle thought. Handle it as you think best. â€Å"Thanks so much,† I whispered, quick and quiet. Neither human heard me. Carlisle’s lips turned up a tiny bit at my sarcasm as he turned to Tyler. â€Å"I’m afraid that you’ll have to stay with us just a little bit longer,† he said as he began examining the slashes left by the shattered windshield. Well, I’d made the mess, so it was only fair that I had to deal with it. Bella walked deliberately toward me, not stopping until she was uncomfortably close. I remembered how I had hoped, before all the mayhem, that she would approach me†¦ This was like a mockery of that wish. â€Å"Can I talk to you for a minute?† she hissed at me. Her warm breath brushed my face and I had to stagger back a step. Her appeal had not abated one bit. Every time she was near me, it triggered all my worst, most urgent instincts. Venom flowed in my mouth and my body yearned to strike – to wrench her into my arms and crush her throat to my teeth. My mind was stronger than my body, but only just. â€Å"Your father is waiting for you,† I reminded her, my jaw clenched tight. She glanced toward Carlisle and Tyler. Tyler was paying us no attention at all, but Carlisle was monitoring my every breath. Carefully, Edward. â€Å"I’d like to speak to you alone, if you don’t mind,† she insisted in a low voice. I wanted to tell her that I did mind very much, but I knew I would have to do this eventually. I may as well get on with it. I was full of so many conflicting emotions as I stalked out of the room, listening to her stumbling footsteps behind me, trying to keep up. I had a show to put on now. I knew the role I would play – I had the character down: I would be the villain. I would lie and ridicule and be cruel. It went against all my better impulses – the human impulses that I’d clung to through all these years. I’d never wanted to deserve trust more than in this moment, when I had to destroy all possibility of it. It made it worse to know that this would be the last memory she would have of me. This was my farewell scene. I turned on her. â€Å"What do you want?† I asked coldly. She cringed back slightly from my hostility. Her eyes turned bewildered, the expression that had haunted me†¦ â€Å"You owe me an explanation,† she said in a small voice; her ivory face blanched. It was very hard to keep my voice harsh. â€Å"I saved your life – I don’t owe you anything.† She flinched – it burned like acid to watch my words hurt her. â€Å"You promised,† she whispered. â€Å"Bella, you hit your head, you don’t know what you’re talking about.† Her chin came up then. â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with my head.† She was angry now, and that made it easier for me. I met her glare, making my face more unfriendly. â€Å"What do you want from me, Bella?† â€Å"I want to know the truth. I want to know why I’m lying for you.† What she wanted was only fair – it frustrated me to have to deny her. â€Å"What do you think happened?† I nearly growled at her. Her words poured out in a torrent. â€Å"All I know is that you weren’t anywhere near me – Tyler didn’t see you, either, so don’t tell me I hit my head too hard. That van was going to crush us both – and it didn’t, and your hands left dents in the side of it – and you left a dent in the other car, and you’re not hurt at all – and the van should have smashed my legs, but you were holding it up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Suddenly, she clenched her teeth together and her eyes were glistening with unshed tears. I stared at her, my expression derisive, though what I really felt was awe; she had seen everything. â€Å"You think I lifted a van off you?† I asked sarcastically. She answered with one stiff nod. My voice grew more mocking. â€Å"Nobody will believe that, you know.† She made an effort to control her anger. When she answered me, she spoke each word with slow deliberation. â€Å"I’m not going to tell anybody.† She meant it – I could see that in her eyes. Even furious and betrayed, she would keep my secret. Why? The shock of it ruined my carefully designed expression for half a second, and then I pulled myself together. â€Å"Then why does it matter?† I asked, working to keep my voice severe. â€Å"It matters to me,† she said intensely. â€Å"I don’t like to lie – so there’d better be a good reason why I’m doing it.† She was asking me to trust her. Just as I wanted her to trust me. But this was a line I could not cross. My voice stayed callous. â€Å"Can’t you just thank me and get it over with?† â€Å"Thank you,† she said, and then she fumed silently, waiting. â€Å"You’re not going to let it go, are you?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"In that case†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I couldn’t tell her the truth if I wanted to†¦and I didn’t want to. I’d rather she made up her own story than know what I was, because nothing could be worse than the truth – I was a living nightmare, straight from the pages of a horror novel. â€Å"I hope you enjoy disappointment.† We scowled at each other. It was odd how endearing her anger was. Like a furious kitten, soft and harmless, and so unaware of her own vulnerability. She flushed pink and ground her teeth together again. â€Å"Why did you even bother?† Her question wasn’t one that I was expecting or prepared to answer. I lost my hold on the role I was playing. I felt the mask slip from my face, and I told her – this one time – the truth. â€Å"I don’t know.† I memorized her face one last time – it was still set in lines of anger, the blood not yet faded from her cheeks – and then I turned and walked away from her. How to cite The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 3. Phenomenon, Essay examples

Sonnet 29 free essay sample

In the poem, sonnet 29, William Shakespeare uses three different tones to describe the speaker’s mood and attitude toward his state. The speaker resembles Shakespeare’s life in 1592, a time when London’s theatres were closed down because of the plague. Using three tones; despair, jealousy, and hope, the speaker’s feelings are successfully portrayed in this sonnet. This poem is a traditional sonnet, with the first eight lines, an octave, showing the dark, depressing mood of the speaker. Suddenly a happy, more joyous tone, the sonnet transitions to a sestet, the last six lines of the poem. The first tone that is portrayed is despair. Because of the plague, all of the actors and playwrights had very little work to do since all of the theatres had been closed down. The poem reads, â€Å"When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone beweep my outcast state. † Shakespeare uses these lines to illustrate how alone and lost the speaker feels. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet 29 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because there aren’t any plays to write or perform, he is making very little money, and feels in disgrace with fortune. However, as the sonnet continues, we see the speaker’s mood lighten. In the second part of the octave, we see the speaker’s second tone portrayed. The speaker is now feeling jealous of what other people have, and starts to wish that he was better looking, and had more friends. â€Å"Featured like him, like him with friends possessed, desiring this man’s art and that man’s scope. † The speaker is envious of others, but his emotions start to change, and he goes from being jealous of others to relatively happy rather quickly. In the sextet, the last part of the poem, we see a hopeful or happy tone. Shakespeare illustrates the speaker as a happy person that is content with his state. The first four lines of the sestet illustrate how when the speaker started to think about his lover, he immediately transitioned to a happy state. â€Å"Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, haply I think on thee. † The speaker started to think about his partner, then about whom he really is, and it made him become at peace with himself. In the third to last line, the poem reads, â€Å"Sings hymns at heaven’s gate. † Earlier in the poem, in the third line, the poem reads, â€Å"And trouble heaven with my bootless cries. † This comparison, from when the speaker is depressed and crying out to heaven without an answer, to when the speaker has been lifted out of his depressed state, illustrates how much has changed in the speaker’s countenance throughout the poem, and how thinking of one person can completely change your views on life. This poem, with its three different tones, really illustrates how down life can get, but how one person can instantly change the way you feel. The last two lines of the poem wrap up the entire sonnet. They read, â€Å"From thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings, that then I scorn to change my state with kings. † The speaker started to think about that one person, and realized that even with all the wealth that he could have, he wouldn’t trade his current position in life for anything.

Fitness and Performance in Aviation

Fitness and Performance in Aviation Fitness in most professional jobs is an individual duty to assess his or her well-being in undertaking such professions. It is a legal requirement to undergo thorough medical checkups before qualifying for professions like aviation and other related jobs. Most of the accidents caused by aircrafts are related to human factors of physical and psychological fitness. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Fitness and Performance in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the advancement in technology, aircrafts have become more reliable and efficient, thus reducing the number of accidents that occur due to mechanical breakdown. The greater percentage of aircraft accidents is thus caused by human factors and account to more than eighty percent of the total accidents caused by the aircrafts (Lowry, 1999, p. 102). The success of a flight is dependent on human fitness to execute a safe flight. This term paper discusse s the factors that affect fitness and performance in aviation such as physical exercise, health, stress, workloads, shift work, pressure to meet deadlines and use of drugs. The physical fitness and vigorous health of aviation workers are critical aspects in their performance, in aviation, because of the nature of some of their jobs that may be physically demanding. Besides, aviation activities are carried out in a wide range of physical environments that involve substantial change in temperatures, air composition, humidity and other weather related factors. The ability of the aviation workers to carry some of their tasks may be hindered by poor eyesight, poor hearing, physical injuries, and other physical related factors (Stolzer, Harlford, Goglia, 2008, p. 58). It is a duty for the individual workers to assess their physical and health fitness in carrying out the aviation duties. Secondly, physical fitness of an individual affects the sensory system of orientation. Good eyesight is critical in making judgments on safe flight. The human eye is adapted to see during the day light using rods in the eyes and at night using the cones. The rods take time to adjust to bright light during the night when it is introduced shortly. Physical fitness through exercising the body and eating a well balanced diet that is rich in vitamins is vital in maintaining proper eyesight. Vitamin A specifically is used to prevent night blindness disease that is caused by lack of enough vitamin A in the diet. Night blindness causes blurred vision that affects the performance in aviation because of accidents that result from poor judgment of the eyesight. Deprivation of oxygen caused by flights at high altitudes leads to poor eyesight and poor performance in aviation thus alternative source for oxygen should be provided. Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Age is another facto r that leads to reduced performance due to blurred vision and other age related disorders (Bibel, 2007, p. 42). In addition, poor health habits that lead to unfitness such as smoking and taking alcohol affect the power of vision thus leading to poor performance in aviation. The sense of hearing is also vital in for superior performance in aviation. The inner ear helps to maintain motion hearing that creates the vestibular orientation during a flight. Forces during the flight lead to disorientation during the flights that affect the sense of hearing. Poor sense of hearing lead to poor performance in aviation caused by poor communication with the groundwork personnel. In addition, poor performance caused by poor sense of hearing is attributed to inability to create vestibular orientation. Physical fitness improves performance in aviation by maintaining a healthy nervous system that is critical in creating postural orientation during a flight. Physical exercise helps in keeping the ner vous system active, by dilation of blood vessels to allow free circulation of blood and dissolved oxygen that help to keep the mind alert. The nerves help to transmit information to the brain that helps to make a judgment during the flights. Good coordination during the flight because of potent nervous system creates a superior performance in aviation. Health factors affect fitness of individuals and their performance in aviation depending on individuals’ state of health and intensity of a condition. The conditions that affect fitness in performance, in aviation, range from minor ailments to severe cases. Minor physical illnesses such as coughing, flu, and the common cold amongst others make the aircrafts worker uncomfortable in their work thus lead to poor performance but not to great extent. Major illnesses lead to the reduced performance in aviation as the workers may be hospitalized or go on sick leaves for treatments. Moreover, high prevalence of HIV/AIDS leads to reduc ed immunity of the aircrafts workers thus reducing their performance in aviation. In severe conditions of HIV/AIDS, the workers are unfit to work, or their death occurs that substantially reduces performance in aviation because of loss of skilled labor. In addition, minor injuries such as sprained wrists and anklets reduce work performance of aircrafts workers because of pain. Severe injuries such as broken arms and limbs make the workers unfit for the aircraft work thus reduces their performance in aviation greatly. Physical conditions such as obesity, heart attack, diabetes, age related conditions such as blurred vision, and hearing loss considerably reduces performance in aviation thus legislation should ensure the workers undergo medical checkup prior to their duties. Moreover, toxins and other related substances may lead to health complications such as cancers, deaths due to intoxication and other unforeseen effects that make the workers unfit for the work and reduce their per formance in aviation (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 54).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Fitness and Performance in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measures are taken, for the aircrafts workers, to remain fit for their work and improve their performance in aviation. To keep fit, the aircraft workers should take regular meals consisting of a well balanced diet. The workers are recommended to take regular physical exercise thrice a week that is sufficient and twice the resting pulse rate for twenty minutes. In addition, the workers should be responsible for their health, avoid smoking, and practice safe alcohol intake that is recommended by the aviation regulations. Consequently, mental fitness of the workers is critical for superior performance in aviation. Stress and stress related factors are inevitable in life may lead to poor performance in aviation if not well managed. Stress results from deman ds to cope up with life situations or adjust to some changes in life or the environment. The results of stress if not well managed make individuals unfit for aviation work and thus lead to poor performance in aviation in various ways. At first, stress causes physiological and health disorders such as dryness of mouths, nausea, ulcers and insomnia amongst others that lead to reduced activity and poor performance in aviation (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 58). Stress factors that lead to change in behavior that is indicated by lack of activity, loss of appetite, shaking and irresponsibility lead to poor performance in aviation due to reduced work output. Moreover, stress may cause poor concentration, loss of memory and indecision that lead to the occurrence of errors in aviation thus declining the performance. Depression, anxiety, moodiness, and aggression of the workers affect performance of their duties leading to decreased work output. Domestic stress that results from home-rel ated affairs such as marital problems amongst spouses, children, bereavement of family members, and friends preoccupy individuals’ minds leading to distractions and poor concentration during work. This leads to poor performance in aviation. Work related stress results from pressure to meet deadlines or poor work relationship that create conflicts at work. Night shift work creates stress to individuals if not well scheduled, as the night shift workers tend to have disturbed sleep during the day and few hours of sleep, unlike the daylight workers. The workers should adopt sleep strategies for night shift workers to ensure their fitness and stay alert at work during the day. Poor relationships of public within an organization may lead to stress to create an organizational culture thus poor organization leads to reduced performance in aviation.Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Physiological fitness increases performance in aviation and can be created through stress management. To keep fit, individuals adopt relaxation techniques, such as listening to music and doing personal hobbies that boost performance in aviation (Lowry, 1999, p. 104). Besides, individuals should ensure that they have enough sleep and take well-balanced diet to increase their activity at work. Physical exercise helps to release fatigue, relax and increases personal activity thus vital in managing stress and increasing performance in aviation. Furthermore, counseling by colleagues, fellow workers, and professional counselors help to manage stress, keep physiologically fit, and increase performance in aviation. Arousal is another factor that indicates fitness for performance in aviation and work in general. Arousal refers to fitness of an individual to perform a given task (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 62). For optimum performance in aviation, a certain level of stimulation or arou sal is required. The level of arousal varies from one person to another. Some people feel overloaded by multi-tasking while others perform well under pressure. There are different levels of arousal that determine the level of performance in aviation. First, there is under-aroused level that creates poor performance in aviation. Individuals who have low levels of arousal are not particularly active during the work due to complacency and dullness. The optimum level of arousal leads to increased performance in aviation because of increased activity and motivation to carry out given tasks. Lastly, there is over-arousal level that to some degree leads to poor performance in aviation, as the individuals tend to leave some tasks and focus on others. Over–arousal can be a sign of abuse of drugs, which cause stimulative and sedative effects. Moreover, sleep, fatigue, and shift work affect individual fitness and performance in aviation. Sleep occurs in cycles and changes in the sleep cycles due to night shift work and other external environmental factors affect the circadian rhythms of an individual. The physiological changes in the body, changes in behavior, and body functions have a regular cycle of circadian rhythm that indicates fitness of an individual. The circadian factors are not only controlled by the brain, but also by the physical environment factors such as changes in body temperature. The fitness of an individual determines how he or she adapts to the changes and thus affects performance of night shift workers in aviation. Consequently, the fitness of an individual for performance in aviation is affected by fatigue that can be either physiological or subjective. The physiological stress indicates body’s need for relaxation and refreshment. It is usually related to unfitness of an individual for work due to physical activity, changes of circadian rhythms, irresponsible health behaviors such as drinking, and smoking, and personal health. The physical stress can be managed by having sound sleep and a rest. Subjective fatigue is related to individual’s feeling being tired and sleepy that depends on the degree of motivation. Subjective fatigue leads to poor performance in aviation because of an individual feeling of extreme lack of activity. Fatigue affects the fitness of an individual for performance in aviation through various ways. First, fatigue leads to reduced perception of sight, sense of hearing and vision that lead to decreased performance in aviation. Problems of memory loss and slow reaction occur because of fatigue that affects fitness of an individual for performance in aviation. Moreover, stressed individuals are poor in making judgments and decisions that increase their chances of making mistakes thus leading to poor performance in aviation. Lastly, fatigue leads to reduced work standards due to changes in moods, reduced concentration, and memory loss. The fitness of an individual affects the time he or she take to sleep and thus affects performance in aviation for shift workers. The period for sleep varies with individuals with some individuals taking long hours to sleep while others take a shorter period (Stolzer, Harlford, Goglia, 2008, p. 98). Depending on the individual, lack of sleep leads to reduced performance in aviation because of increased chances to make mistakes due to sleepiness. On the other hand, healthy sleep ensures individuals are fit for work thus increases aviation in performance. Lastly, fitness in performance of an individual in aviation is affected use of medication and abuse of drugs. The abuse of alcohol leads to depression of the nervous system that causes blurred vision, loss of memory and body balance, and judgment that hinder performance in aviation. Moreover, the use of some medication whether prescribed or not should be carefully considered as it may affect work performance of aviation workers. The first dose of medication should take at least twenty-four hours before any task to minimize risk of hyperactivity. Furthermore, the abuse of drugs such as cocaine, bhang, and heroin impair the performance the brain that make individuals unfit for aviation activities that reduce performance in aviation. In conclusion, performance in aviation is dependent on physical and physiological fitness of an individual. Physical fitness leads to increased performance in aviation, which is attributed to increased activity, reduced fatigue, and mental alertness. Regular physical exercise and taking a well balanced diet are critical in maintaining physical fitness and increasing performance in aviation. Physiological fitness affects the decision-making process, activity of an individual, and orientation during flight. It is recommendable for individuals to ensure proper management of stress related factors, such as work overload, lack of sleep, and fatigue that lead to reduced performance in aviation. References Bibel, G. (2007). Beyond the Black Box: The Forensics of Airplane Crashes. Baltimore: JHU Press. Garland, J., Wise, A., Hopkin,V.,D. (1999). Handbook of Aviation Human Factor. London: Routledge. Lowry, T. (1999). Performance of Light Aircraft. Virginia: AIAA. Stolzer,J., Harlford,C., Goglia, J. (2008). Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Farnham : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

5 Benefits You Can Get From Intramural Sports in College

5 Benefits You Can Get From Intramural Sports in College Many campuses have intramural sports teams - teams that arent eligible for athletic scholarships, arent as competitive as other sports on campus and generally take anyone who wants to join. Like many co-curricular activities, joining an intramural team can take a lot of time and energy - something that tends to be in short supply for busy college students - but if its something you think youd enjoy, it very well could be worth the commitment: A variety of studies have found there are great benefits to playing intramural sports.   1. Intramurals Are an Amazing Stress  Reliever Youll have no shortage of stress in college: exams, group projects, roommate drama, computer problems - you name it. With all that going on, its sometimes hard to fit fun into your calendar. Because intramural competitions have a set schedule, youre practically forced to set aside time to run around with your friends. Even for the most intense of intramural players, a little friendly competition should be a nice change of pace from the classroom and assignment deadlines. 2. They Provide Great Exercise While most college students would like to go to the gym on a regular basis, few actually do. With a predetermined time already in your schedule, your workout is more likely to happen. Youre also held accountable to show up by your teammates. In addition, the time will pass quicker than if you were alone in the gym. And you know that feeling when youre working out and you just want to cut the gym session short? You cant quite do that during a game. Team sports are a great way to push yourself - that can be hard to do when youre working out alone.   3. Theyre a Great Way to Meet People You may be getting used to seeing similar people in the courses for your major, in your residence hall or at the events you go to on campus. Intramurals can be a great way to meet students that you may not otherwise run into. In fact, you dont necessarily need to know anyone to join an intramural team, so signing up can quickly expand your social circle. 4. There Can Be Leadership  Opportunities Every team needs a captain, right? If youre looking to build your resume or test out your leadership skills, intramural teams can be a great place to start. 5. Its One of the Few Things Youll Do Just for Fun A lot of things you do in college probably have very specific goals and purposes: taking a class to meet a requirement, doing an assignment to get good grades, working to pay for school, etc. But you dont need to assign a purpose to intramural sports. After all, its flag football - youre not making a career out of it. Join a team because itll be fun. Go out and play just because you  can.

Wildlife exploitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wildlife exploitation - Essay Example Some of the incentives that can be provided to conserve marine biodiversity include encouraging local people in their limited and managed development. Thus the best and most successful policies that encourage conservation of wildlife and marine biodiversity have been those that encourage the locals’ limited and managed development. This implies that allowing the local communities to make restricted use of wildlife encourages them to view the surrounding wildlife as an asset for development rather than a threat. Allowing utilization of restricted reserve lands along riverside and coastal regions allows the local people to make use of the available land while at the same affording other uses by wildlife. Afterall, at any given time, it is always important for the benefits accruing from wildlife conservation to trickle down and be distributed amongst the whole community. This takes the form of sharing tourism incomes from the reserve with the local community and maintaining a spe cific share of the available jobs in the reserve for the local community. Such policies, therefore, act as an encouragement for the locals who view the designation of the reserve for wildlife purposes as a particular kind of local development policy for their benefit.The other important incentive that can really assist in marine biodiversity conservation is the use of taxes/charges and tradable quota or rights and subsidies. This means that harvesters are subsidized to lower their harvest rate.

Operation Management (Assignment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operation Management (Assignment) - Essay Example The present context narrows our interest lies in focusing to two of the points, these are: In all industry and services the supervisor has traditionally used some form of measurement to lay down norms or objectives for the workers to attempt to achieve. These objectives were based on arbitrary averages of the past performance and while some workers found it easy to achieve these, some just could not cope. This method put a limit to what could or should be accomplished based on the supervisors perception of what was good or bad for the organization. Deming pointed out that counting and inspection of the end product presumed that there would be defects and mass inspection would only identify the defect that would need to be reworked or the product scrapped. There is no way that identifying a defect or shortage at the end of the process can help in improving quality. Management should instead shift focus to inspection of the systems and processes that go into the production of the article or service. Numerical quotas or norms or objectives do not assist in identifying the capability of the workers and systems they only measure what exists. Historically management has looked at producing larger volumes under the mistaken impression that more volumes meant lower cost of production per unit. In the push to produce larger quantities quality was lost sight of. The second error that was made was to measure a product or service against preconceived ideas of quality, determined internally, without understanding what the customer wanted. This resulted in the process now producing larger volumes of re-work and scrap and the worst of all, a product that the customer did not want. Cost of poor quality can be 25-30% of sales revenue (Ross, 1999, p167). This leads us to the next mantra of the TQM gurus, 'Don't inspect the product - Inspect the process' but what does 'inspection of the process' imply Information is the key to understanding any situation or process and any action taken on the basis of such information shall be directly in proportion to the quality of the information, its relevance, authenticity and timeliness. Information needs to be gathered and collated in the form of data that lends itself to easy interpretation, identification of trends and analysis. Data is fact recorded as numbers and no one can argue with numbers. Data instils a sense of confidence and, is the only way to 'change' all that which is blocked by entrenched perceptions (Jurow, 1993, p113-115). Most of all data helps in motivating everyone involved in the process when they see the progress being made enabling them to identify with the change and push to extend their individual capabilities as also of the organization. 'Measurement is just a habit of seeing how we're going along' Philip Crosby, TQM guru (Jurow, ibid, p 115) Measurement also helps in deciding the feasibility of a particular effort. If it is not possible to measure critical elements of the present situation then how will we ever know how well or indifferently we are progressing and how will it ever be possible to know when we arrive at the desired goal. Finding

European Studies Essays Frank Underdevelopment Dependency

European Studies Essays Frank Underdevelopment Dependency Frank Underdevelopment Dependency 1.0 Introduction This project report looks to the theories, concepts and studies of the well-known German prolific and controversial development Economist and Sociologist of post-war era, ‘Andre Gunder Frank’. Frank was best known as an early exponent and founder of the dependency theory, which maintained that rich, developed countries gained from poor, under-developed countries; so long as they remained in the international capitalist system (Economy Professor, 2006). This report will concentrate mainly on the understanding and analysis of the most significant concepts and theories of Frank on Underdevelopment; thereafter his concepts will be applied to countries of Latin America and Asia, which were the most affected from the plague of Underdevelopment. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers 2.0 Preface of Andre G Frank theories Frank is considered to be one of the major founders of the world system theory along with Immanuel Wallerstein, Samir Amin and Giovanni Arrighi. He is the author of many works in world system and world accumulation. Andre Gunder Frank was interested in the processes of capital accumulation in Latin America and other regions, such as Asia. These regions were analyzed by Frank within the world context. The name of Frank is closely connected with the development and dependency theories. He is the author of very interesting publications and books devoted to the connection between economically developed countries and underdeveloped countries. When Andre Gunder Frank wrote his Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America and The Development of Underdevelopment he was influenced by the revolutionary ideas in Latin America and some other countries at that period. Being a social scientist, Andre Gunder Frank was interested in multiple subjects, events, topics, but he is considered to be one of the major contributors to the topic ‘development of underdevelopment’ and world system theory. His analysis of contemporary position of some countries has influenced the sociology science. He was one of the researchers who furthered the development and dependency theories. In his book Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America Andre Frank has shown his radical position towards development and underdevelopment. He wrote that the world and national capitalism has generated underdevelopment in the past, and still produces underdevelopment at present. (Frank, 1967a) Andre Gunder Frank has expressed an opinion that the economically developed countries were undeveloped but not underdeveloped. He believed that the present underdevelopment of a country is the outcome of its historical development in the past and at present, and the result of its relations with metropolitan countries (Frank 1966, pp. 17-31). Frank was the first scientist who realized the significance of the world economy. He understood that there is the possibility of autonomous development among the countries in the South: ‘The importance of the central theme of the world economy and of its interdependence †¦ has become ever stronger. What has changed is my belief, which was largely implicit in the idea of dependence, that a state of independence, or at least non-dependence, could be achieved through de-linking from the world economy through concerted political actions in the Third World countries or regions. On this last issue, I suppose I have changed the most, especially since the coup in Chile. Experience has shown it to be extremely difficult, if not impossible, for voluntarist political action to de-link particular countries from world economy’ (Kay 1989, p.1181). 2.1 Development and Dependency theories The development theory unites several theories, which state that some beneficial changes in a particular society are to be achieved for the common benefit. These theories (Modernization theory, Dependency theory, World Systems theory, and State theory) are based on a variety of social scientific approaches and disciplines. Frank criticized the modernization theory, which was the key perspective in sociology at that period of time. He called in question the major premises of the modernization thesis elaborated by Talcott Parsons, Bert Hoselitz, Wilbert Moore, Everret Hagen, Daniel Lerner, David McClelland and Walt Whitman Rostow. Moreover, Frank criticized the thesis which stated that ‘the underdeveloped countries with their traditional societies would gradually become developed and modern countries by engaging with the developed capitalist economies and modern societies’ (Frank, 1967b, pp. 20–73). Therefore, he has presented the new analysis of the relationships between economically developed and underdeveloped countries. Dependency theory is a part of the development theory, which was elaborated after the modernization theory. The dependency theory is based on the idea that the consequences of colonialism on undeveloped countries must be taken into consideration when further development is expected to take place. Dependency theory is tightly connected with Latin America. Scientists have recognized Frank’s contribution to dependency theory. Andre Gunder Frank was a scholar who developed and enriched the research of this theory. He stressed that the modernization theory was a process via which developing countries became more dependent upon economically developed countries. Moreover, the dependency theory divided all countries into several categories according to their level of development. This theory examines countries by dividing them into periphery and centre states: the centre consists of the already developed and colonizing countries, whereas the periphery consists of the developing and co lonized countries. Dependency theory became a tool for political commentary and a framework of explanations. Frank was a scientist who has found the basic concepts for the dependency theory. His innovation to the world system theory and to the development theory was based on the incorporation and the connection between economically developed and underdeveloped countries with the help of the notion of capitalism and all the economic, political, social and cultural changes which became the consequences of the appearance of capitalism relations. 2.2 The Development of Underdevelopment Theory In his book The Development of Underdevelopment (Development Studies, 1966, p. 27) Frank stated: â€Å"Since the historical experience of the colonial and underdeveloped countries has demonstrably been quite different, available theory therefore fails to reflect the past of the underdeveloped part of the world entirely, and reflects the past of the world as a whole only in part. More important, our ignorance of the history of these underdeveloped countries leads us to assume that their past and indeed their present resemble earlier stages of the history of the now economically developed countries. More studies of development and underdevelopment fail to take account of the economic and other relations between the metropolis and its economic colonies throughout the history of the mercantilist and capitalist system.† Frank gave emphasis to the fact that, in his belief every country passes through all the stages of development, and every stage of this process will vary in time, depending on the position of the country. Besides, he stressed that there is no concept of ‘an underdeveloped country’ if we talk about the economically developed countries – these are countries which were at one point merely undeveloped, but not underdeveloped: â€Å"†¦ economic development occurs in a succession of capitalist stages and †¦ today’s underdeveloped countries are still in a stage †¦ of history through which the now developed countries passed long ago. †¦ underdevelopment is not original or traditional and that neither the past nor the present of the underdeveloped countries resembles in any important respect the past of the now developed countries. The now developed countries were never underdeveloped, though they may have been undeveloped† (Development St udies p. 28). The notion of ‘the development of underdevelopment’ which he has elaborated during the research is the main concept in the development theory (Kay, 1989, p. 1180). Frank pointed out that the contemporary underdevelopment position of a country is the result of its economic, cultural, political and social characteristic features. Moreover, the underdevelopment as the result of past and present relations is an integral part of the world structure: â€Å"†¦ present underdevelopment of Latin America is the result of its centuries-long participation in the process of world capitalist development†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Development Studies, p. 30). He pointed out that the capitalist system has developed rapidly during the last centuries and its effect has reached the most isolated parts of the underdeveloped world. Moreover, the metropolis-satellite relations have been spread in the Latin American colonies and countries, having structured the economic, political, and social life of these countries. Frank has come to a very interesting conclusion that underdevelopment is generated by the historical process which has generated economic development and the development of capitalism. â€Å"The other kind of isolation which tends to confirm the second hypothesis is the geographic and economic isolation of regions which at one time were relatively weakly tied to and poorly integrated into the mercantilist and capitalist system† (Development Studies, p. 31-33). Therefore, the two types of countries are connected with each other through exploitation and colonization. Frank has found the connection between the development of the centre and the periphery countries. Besides this, Andre Gunder Frank explained in his book The Development of Underdevelopment, that Latin America and other similar countries are underdeveloped countries owing to the foreign competition, and the introduction of free trade, which is in the interest of the ruling groups of the economically developed countries: â€Å"†¦ in Latin America it was these regions, which initiated and experienced the most promising self-generating economic development of the classical industrial capitalist type. The most important regional cases probably are Tucuman and Asuncion, as well as †¦ Mendoza and Rosario†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Development Studies, p. 33). The now underdeveloped countries have not had the opportunity to continue developing in the conditions of growing capitalism. Consequently, the development of these countries has had to be sacrificed for that of others. Therefore, the contemporary underdevelopment of certain countries is connected with their close ties with now econ omically developed countries, which have become economically developed owing to these underdeveloped countries in the past, and which have abandoned them when the wealth of their mines, raw materials and natural resources disappeared. 3.0 Frank’s Underdevelopment Theories with Relation to Latin America and Asia 3.1 Introduction The concepts of Frank’s studies on Development of Underdevelopment and mainly his Dependency Theory are known for the way Frank applied them to Latin American countries, with relation to Western European Countries and the United States. 3.2 Latin America Frank (1966) believed Latin America to be a victim of capitalism; having been integrated into the world capitalist system since the beginning of the sixteenth century. Although Sao Paolo has established the largest in Latin America, this has not helped the rest of Brazil to develop, but has deepened their underdevelopment. Furthermore, Frank maintained that although the development and industrialisation of Sao Paolo may have been carried out independently in the beginning, it is increasingly beginning to come in the clasp of the world capitalist system, which is posing a rising number of restrictions for possibilities of further development of the city. When writing about Latin America, Frank (1969, p. 432) made reference to a â€Å"metropolis-satellite† structure. This, he believed, is what the world market for goods, capital, and the international division of labour, have produced. This description portrays Frank’s belief that the developed, metropolitan countries take, or â€Å"suck† all of the capital or economic surplus from the other countries, or ‘satellites,’ in order to â€Å"feed† and increase their own development, but push the development of these other countries further down, eventually into an underdeveloped state. Although these countries may only have been undeveloped to begin with, the interference of the more developed countries has proved to be further detrimental than had they not interfered, or ‘helped,’ at all. There are several reasons for which the countries of Latin America are being exploited by developed countries. This exploitation began in the 18th century, and some of the reasons for exploitation included their natural resources; gold and silver, from Mexico, Peru, and Brazil; and the sugar and coffee also produced in Brazil. The sugar production by slaves in Brazil benefited Europe both at home, and when in competition with others abroad, such as Asia. During the 19th century, particularly towards the end of it, Brazil continued to increasingly export sugar and coffee, while Mexico, Peru, and Chile resumed mining, and Argentina exported wheat and meat for Britain and Europe (Frank, 1992). With so many raw materials and produced goods to offer, such an underdeveloped country is susceptible to being taken advantage of by those countries which need them, and have the money and power to exploit whoever or whatever gets in the way of them obtaining what they want or need. The underdevelopment of Latin America can also be seen to benefit developed countries in the form of labour; this includes labour which has been brought to the developed countries, as well as labour in the underdeveloped country. Specifically Latapi and Martin (no date) mentioned Mexican immigrants attempting to escape their world of underdevelopment by migrating to the United States, but being used by the United States for cheap labour. These high numbers of immigrants lead to an increase in the United States’ productivity, and also the net benefit received due to higher numbers of immigrants lowering the wages of other immigrant workers. 3.3 Asia As well as Latin America, the underdevelopment of countries in central Asia had also been the subject of much of Frank’s theories on underdevelopment. One such country specifically was China, which was believed to be one of the leading economically developed countries between 1400 and 1800 (Frank, 2005). Since its decolonisation and liberation in 1949, China has been predicted to regain its high position in the world economy, and this is the reason behind Frank’s book ‘ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age.’ In the book, Frank draws upon the words of Smith (1776); â€Å"China is a much richer country than any part of Europe† (Frank, 1998, p. 13). As Frank believed that Asia, and in particular China, is beginning to reclaim its place amongst the top players of the economically developed world; he also believed that the history of Asia should also be correctly portrayed, hence the above book was written. Frank was outspoken in that his thoughts of world history, in particular concerning Asia, were that they have been incorrectly portrayed by Europe. The alleged history of economic development is believed to be a Eurocentric portrayal which Frank claimed denies the real history of the world and neglects most of human reality; as well as altering the perception of Europe’s history. That is to say, history has been portrayed in such a way so as to focus on the people and culture of Europe, making it appear almost superior to others, including that of Asia. China’s drop from its high rates of development, to its current undeveloped situation, is seen to be the result of exploitation on behalf of already developed countries, such as those of Europe (Frank, 2005). Furthermore, Frank stated that â€Å"underdevelopment is not traditional†¦ it is the result of dependent capitalist development of underdevelopment† (Frank, 2005). Frank’s belief again stems from the arguments and evidence which imply that China was no more traditional than Europe between its period of peak economy (from 1400 to 1800), and that it was in fact greater, and more developed than Europe. The above quote could be interpreted to mean that underdevelopment is not the result of a lack of development of certain countries; but the result of the interference of developed countries which are dependent on undeveloped countries. These developed countries can only remain so if the undeveloped countries remain undeveloped; therefore they encourage the development of their undevelopment. This consequently causes the undeveloped countries to become classed as underdeveloped countries, as their efforts to become developed are actually hindered by developed countries, diminishing any hope they may have had of becoming modern. At the same time, Frank (2005) argued to the effect that capitalism does not in fact have any actual existence in the world, but is just an ideology. Although this contradicts his earlier work, he now states that the ideology of capitalism was simply created in order to make unclear world economical history, and it continues to do so for modern-day world economics. Frank shared in the views of Samir Amin, in that they both believed the way for China, as well as any other country, to be released from all forms of dependence, was to break all links and connections from the external world capitalist economy, and to break free from the internal socialism which were believed to be the root causes of dependence. This theory however was only possible, so to speak, in theory. Frank continued to reflect on his own beliefs by claiming that to the present day no country has managed to become fully free from dependence, only the South East Asian Tigers had managed to do so partially, and even they were still subject to financial problems. Frank concluded that there has not been a definite and clear answer given as to what to do if and when freedom from dependence would ever occur. Moreover, Frank highlighted his criticism of the Modernisation Theory, which stated that any country could become modernised with the help of those countries which are already modernised. He quoted; â€Å"The Europeans did not do anything – let alone ‘modernize’ – by themselves† (Frank, 2005). Using Europe as an example, he argued that the modernisation theory only applies to certain countries; shown by the fact that although Europe was receiving very cheap money in the form of dollars from America, this type of help was not made available to Asia. He continued to enforce the Dependency Theory which states that developed countries have become so, by depending on underdeveloped countries; as Europe has come to depend on the cheap labour it uses from Asia. Frank’s emphasis was that Europe uses underdeveloped countries like China as a step ladder in order to gain, and maintain, a good foot-hold in the modern world (Frank, 2005). The exploitation of China by developed countries can also be seen by looking at the United States. An example given by The National Labor Committee (2006) is the findings of an investigation of 16 factories in China, producing a large number of different items, such as car stereos, TVs, bikes, shoes, sneakers, clothing, hats, and bags, for some of the largest companies in the United States, namely Wal-Mart, Nike, Huffy, and others. The findings highlight the appalling conditions under which some people have to work, such as one factory where workers forced to work 12 to 14 hours a day, 7 days a week, with only one day off a month, at an average wage of 3 cents an hour. The low wages did not give workers any benefit, as they still ended up in debt to the company. Workers were fed two meals a day, and 16 workers were housed in one small dorm. Some workers could not even afford the bus fare to leave the factory in order to look for another job, and in the past any protest about the work ing conditions has led to 800 workers losing their jobs. This is a prime example of what Frank has referred to as the exploitation of underdeveloped countries by developed countries. Without this type of exploitation, countries like those of the United States would not be able to increase their profit margins and become as rich as they are. Another example in Asia is Japan, which is believed a rapidly modernising country, particularly towards the end of the 19th century. This was done particularly with the use of â€Å"technical and scientific training and research,† and this type of education is what is believed to be an essential factor for developing countries. The effects of this can be seen by the South East Asian Tigers, as mentioned by Frank, who are increasing in levels of modernisation and economic development due to this type of training and education. Australia, as a developed country, has been thought to have benefit by providing some of this training for countries like Japan, as well as others. However, it has been argued that unless Australia improves its infrastructure, countries in Asia will rightly decide that they no longer need the help of developed countries like Australia, and can do a better job themselves. In relation to Frank’s theories, this can be seen support to his views of the Dependency Theory. Blakey (1997) stated that Australia is benefiting from the underdeveloped countries; but as these underdeveloped countries are becoming more and more independent and modernised, they may no longer need the so-called ‘help’ of these countries. Blakey (1997) also claims that Great Britain’s industrial society is no longer as advanced as it used to be; manufacturing and science are now believed to be in decline. This could be said to be the result of underdeveloping countries becoming more independent; the consequence of which is the economy of the developed countries falling to those levels which the underdeveloped countries have had to deal with for years. Another social theorist who agrees with Frank is Glyn who, as highlighted in an interview by Hoveman (2006), claims that Japan’s lack of economic improvement in the last 15 years has been welcomed by Europe and the US. In addition, Glyn states that China’s dramatic rise in economic development could prove to be dangerous for already developed countries, such as the United States, due to the fact that the Chinese monetary authorities buy large amounts of dollars. Should they ever stop, the value of the dollar would fall dramatically; this would result in the United States having to increase interest rates to prevent inflation rates from rising dramatically. This could then in turn lead to, at the very least, the danger of rising economic development coming to an abrupt halt for the United States; the threat of ‘stagnation. 4.0 Conclusion / Discussion On the whole, what is made evident in this report is that in Andre Gunder Franks thesis, the development of the centre not only involves, but requires the underdevelopment of the previously undeveloped periphery. This is because development has depended upon resources which are stolen from the periphery, and resources which are exploited; as well as people which are exploited. At the same time the periphery becomes increasingly dependent upon the centre for certain crucial modern resources, including technology and knowledge (Bronferbenner, 1972). Franks early speculation on The Development of Underdevelopment was brilliant and crucial for the emergence of both the dependency theory and the world-system paradigm. His efforts at systematically linking the external economic behaviour of the socialist alliance to the larger capitalist division of labour, has been instrumental in our understanding of not only the nature and role of existing socialisms, but the overall dynamics of the wor ld economy (Bergesen, 1982). In his view, Asia and Latin America have actually developed underdevelopment; whereas Europe, North America, and Australia have accumulated capital at the expense of the periphery. This accumulation of capital has been made possible through the process of unequal exchange between regions, and the transformation internally of regions at the productive, social, and political levels. Frank applied his theories of development to various countries affected by underdevelopment; specifically those of Latin America and Asia. These however are just to name a few; his theories could be applied to many other underdeveloped countries. Frank viewed the present world as a manifestation of the dominance the centre metropolis has over the dependent periphery; involving unequal exchange and exploitation. The exploitation of the people, and of the natural resources and raw materials of these countries, is what Frank believed to be the key behind his Dependency Theory. He asserted that developed countries such as Britain, Australia, have only received the labels of being ‘developed countries’ because of their dependence on these underdeveloped countries. The low wages given to workers of these underdeveloped countries, together with the natural resources and raw material which are either stolen or bought at extortionately low prices, are all a combination of what allow the developed countries to have such large margins of profit. These high amounts of profit can then be reinvested in order to increase the riches of the countries further; all at the expense of underdeveloped countries. That is to say, if developed countries did not exploit underdeveloped countries, then in Frank’s views they would not be such a thing as an ‘underdeveloped county;’ all countries which have not become economically developed, would simply be undeveloped. The term undeveloped at least allows a country the opportunity to become developed; whereas underdeveloped implies it can never become developed due to the continuing exploitation of these developed countries. References Bergesen, A. (1982) Reviewed Work: ‘Crisis: In the World Economy,’ by Andre Gunder Frank. Contemporary Sociology. 11 (1), pp. 55-56. Blakey, L. (1997) ‘The Death of Australian Science and Technology,’ ABC Radio National [online]. Available at: http://abc.net.au/rn/ockhamsrazor/stories/1997/22.htm (Accessed 27 April 2007). Bronfenbrenner, M. (1979) World Accumulation, 1492-1789. By Andre Gunder Frank. Journal of Economic Literature. 17 (4), pp. 1460-1461. Development Studies: Thinking about Development, reprinted in full from Monthly Review September (1966), pp. 27-37. Economy Professor (2006) Andre Gunder Frank. Available at: http://www.economyprofessor.com/theorists/andregunderfrank.php (Accessed 17 April 2007). Frank, A. G. (1966) The Development of Underdevelopment. Monthly Review 18(4), pp. 17–37. Frank, A.G. (1967a) Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil, New York, Monthly Review Press. Frank, A.G. (1967b) Sociology of Development and Underdevelopment of Sociology, Catalyst 3: pp. 20–73. Frank, A. G. (1969) ‘Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution,’ The Economic Journal, 81 (322), pp. 432-434. Frank, A.G. (1992) ‘Latin America at the Margin of World System History,’ The Andre Gunder Frank Official Website. Available at: http://www.rrojasdatabank.org/agfrank/latin_margin.html (Accessed 29 April 2007). Frank, A. G. (1998) ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley, University of California Press. Frank, A. G. (2005) ‘Personal Research Interests for Public Policy Practice,’ The Andre Gunder Frank Official Website. Available at: http://www.rrojasdatabank.org/agfrank/research.html (Accessed 26 March 2007). Hoveman, R. (2006) The Socialist Review. Available at: http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=9792 (Accessed 27 April 2007). Kay, C. (1989) ‘Andre Gunder Frank: From the ‘Development of Underdevelopment’ to the ‘World System.’ ’ Development and Change, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1177-1183 Blackwell Synergy [Online]. Available at: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00455.x (Accessed 14th April 2007). Latapi, A. E. and Martin, S. (no date) Mexico – U.S. Migration Management A Binational Approach. Available at: http://www.hewlett.org/NR/rdonlyres/E7D5BD75-AB6E-4780-A354-EB4D4BBA9779/0/USMexicoMigration.pdf (Accessed 29 April). The National Labor Committee (2006) The Role of US Companies in Denying Human and Worker Rights. Available at: http://www.nlcnet.org/campaigns/archive/chinareport/introduction.shtml (Accessed 30 April).