Cango Analysis Essay Example for Free

Cango Analysis Essay Like Liz mentions in the video (speech); CanGo acts as a personal shopper for their customers. Customers don’t have go to different store to buy their merchandise when they can buy online at the same place and for affordable prices. Weaknesses: When Liz was asked to prepare a speech of how their company developed over time, she had no clue of where to start. She didn’t plan anything ahead, for example; she mentions in the resolution video that if she had done some planning for her company, her company would have gone much far from where they are at now. CanGo didn’t have a strategic plan for online gaming. Liz and her employees just had a small meeting and without giving a notice ahead of time, she just announced that they are entering into a new market of online gaming. All her employees were surprised at first. She didn’t ask any of her employees before that if they liked the idea of online gaming or not. She just went ahead and asked for preliminary marketing plan. The employees seemed hesitant as to asking questions. The employees at CanGo don’t work together and are not working in a team setting as should be implemented. Furthermore, the company doesn’t determine what this online gaming includes. Further, the company didn’t speak to determine what would be the various levels of support it would provide to its customers. CanGo didn’t develop a strategy explaining how it will conduct its business. Opportunities: As one of the employee mentions what about online â€Å"football† game ? I think it would be great idea for the company to go ahead and implement an online football game, since a lot of customers like to play football or sports. It could be that during the football season they can get a huge rush. Secondly online gaming also allows people from different countries to play at the same time which is a huge plus. Threats: CanGo doesn’t have a huge capital to invest. If they waste it on the idea of online gaming without knowing if they have any future with it, CanGo will be in a huge debt. If they are going to train their staff to do the operations, their customers are going to be unhappy because they have few people and there is a lot of work to do. They would have to increase wages of their employees because they will be handling more work than they are supposed to. Recommendation: CanGo company needs to have a mission and vision statement. Mission statement is going to describe what their company does and vision statement is where management wants to see their company in future. First step is, to have these two statements ready, which this company is missing. I don’t think CanGo should expand on their idea of online gaming without having a strategic plan. They were missing all the elements of strategic planning which are implementation, evaluation and formation. There were no questions about the future of online gaming nor there do any report to see how much success other companies had so far with online gaming. No one discussed about the equipment they are going to need to build this huge project. Liz has put the whole burden on one employee. There is no teamwork; what if that person gets lazy and comes up a lazy marketing plan. Then everyone would have to agree to it because no other member knows anything about marketing. Liz should have told her employees that everyone needs to come up with marketing plan and then in the next meeting they will choose the best one by consensus. I don’t think company is in its best financial condition. If they go ahead with their idea of online gaming, operational costs of buying equipment and software are going to cost a lot by itself. I also think they need new personnel; training old employees about the new technology is going to be a tough job. Hiring the new staff will be cheaper. May be they should wait for the financial times to get better or they should outsource. The company can outsource the implementation of equipment which would save them a lot of money and keeping the customer service here in America. CanGo’s customers will be very happy because they will be able to talk to their own people in their language comfortably. Customer Service should be the priority in any decision they make or any service they provide. References: Devry. (n. d. ). CanGo videos. Retrieved July 15, 2009, from devry: www. devry. edu/ec/crs

Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems

Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems Program Slicing based Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems Ishu Singla Rajesh Bhatia Abstract— Program slicing is an efficient technique for understanding programs by simplifying them. It is a program analysis technique that extracts a particular set of statements relevant to any computation. For the last 25 years, the technique has found its application in a number of research areas like testing, debugging, maintenance etc. In this paper, we have proposed a method to use this technique for clone detection in object oriented programs. As program slicing concentrates only on the relevant portion of the programs based upon some criteria, this property can be utilized in clone detection process. For this we have used Program Dependency Graphs as an intermediate representation. These PDG’s are later used to extract isomorphic partial slices and finally these slices are matched to find out potential clones. Keywords— Partial Slices;PDG; Isomorphism. I. Introduction A code clone represents a sequence of statements that are duplicated in multiple locations of a program. Clones often arise in source code as a result of multiple cut paste operations on the source. Thus, Code cloning can be considered as the act of copying code fragments and making minor, non-functional alterations in the implemented code. Code cloning increases the maintenance cost because if there is an error in the code fragment to be copied, then that error will be propagated at different places. Thus, the normal functioning of the system is not affected but further development may become prohibitively expensive [1][2]. Pre-processing of the whole program is often not a good choice while searching for clones. The program contains a number of irrelevant statements, thus, pre-processing will be a time consuming process [1][3]. Also the approach for finding clones in procedural oriented and object oriented programs is completely different. Clone detection in object oriented programs has a number of problems [15] and sometimes follows different approach. Selecting a particular set of statements from a large program that contains statements relevant to a particular computation is called program slicing. Thus, Program Slicing improves program understandability and find its importance in a number of applications such as software maintenance, software debugging, testing etc [3][5]. A number of code clone detection techniques have been proposed based on text, token, graphs, trees and metrics [1]. Some other techniques based on models and some hybrid techniques have also been proposed [9][11]. The main advantage of using program slicing is that we can find the non-contiguous, intertwined code clones, where the coder changes some of the statements and the rest of the code remains unchanged in between[2][4]. II. DEFINITIONS Program slicing was originally introduced by Weiser that defines program slicing as an analysis technique which extracts the elements of a program related to a particular computation. That set of statements collectively called as program slice. Program slices contains that parts of a program that affects the values computed at some point of interest. Program slicing automatically decomposes program by determining the data and control dependencies [3][8]. A. SLICING CRITERION Slicing in program is always computed on the basis of some slicing criterion. We can represent slicing criterion as , where S is the statement from which the slice is to be computed and V is the variable for which the slice is to be computed and that variable must exist in the statement S [8]. B. DATA DEPENDENCY Statement P is data dependent on statement Q of a program if there exists a variable m at P which is accessed also in statement Q [6]. Consider the following example, 1.x=10; 2.y=x+c; In statement 1, we are assigning a value 10 to x and in statement 2, we are using the value of x. So, there is a data dependency between the two statements 1 and 2. C. CONTROL DEPENDENCY Statement P is control dependent on statement Q if and only if statement P controls the execution of statement Q [6]. Consider the following example, 1.if(statement 1) 2. statement 2; In the above example, statement 2 will be executed if statement 1 results in true value. Thus, statement 2 is control dependent on statement 1. Figure. 1 flow chart for program slicing based clone detection. III. Clone Detection Using the Program Slicing in object oriented programs Figure 1 shows the flow chart for the clone detection approach. The technique starts by taking two sample java programs. Then, the pre-processing of these programs is to be done, in which we remove the comments and blank spaces. Thereafter, the .class files for the normalized sample programs are generated. After this, the Program Dependency Graphs (PDGs), on the basis of control and data dependencies, are determined for the two programs. The program dependency graph is represented in the form of adjacency matrix as shown in figure 2. It is an n*n matrix where n is the no of statements in the normalized program. Every entry ‘1’ represents the data dependency between the two statements determined from the row and column of the matrix. Similarly, every entry 2 represents the control dependency between two statements. Now, by having a close look at the adjacency matrix, it is quite clear that the matrix is sparse because the occurrence of zero is higher than the non-zero entries. So comparing the adjacency matrices of the two programs can’t be an efficient approach. Thus, an algorithm has been developed that determines the partial slices from the adjacency matrix in the form of lists. In earlier techniques for program slicing, the slicing criterion has to be defined manually to determine the slices. But, in our approach, the program slices are determined automatically on the basis of the mentioned algorithm. Because, the slices are extracted starting from the first statement, using control and data dependencies in the adjacency matrix. Figure 2. Example of Adjacency matrix obtained from programs. A. Algorithm for Program Slicing Input:- A control data dependency adjacency matrix mat[n][n] of size n*n where n is the no of statements. Every entry ‘1’ at index mat[i][j] shows that there is a data dependency between statement i and j and every entry ‘2’ represents the control dependency between statement i and j. Output:- Partial slices in form of lists The partial slices are extracted from the adjacency matrix, which are in the form of lists. Once, the partial slices for the two java programs are determined, we have to match them using an efficient matching algorithm. If there is cloning among the two source codes, then there must be a match between these partial slices. The matching algorithm will find out the extent of cloning between the two programs by comparing the partial slices and finally return percentage of cloning as result. IV. Related Work In last two decades, various algorithms have been proposed for program slicing. All have its own advantages and shortcomings. In next section, an overview of recent research in the area of program slicing is given. Z. Guangquan et. al proposed a method to slice the concurrent object oriented programs. In this approach the java concurrency model is used and dependencies between the statements are defined. The paper presents the method of extracting slicing criterion from linear temporal logic property and proposes the steps of computing slicing. Multithreaded dependency graph is used for intermediate representation. A Two-pass algorithm based on Variable Cache Table is adapted to compute slices by extracting out the irrelevant portions of the programs. Results show the satisfaction is guaranteed for source and sliced program and the method can be easily extended to handle other concurrency models[7]. R. Komondoor et. al. proposed a tool to detect clones in C fragments. In their approach, they used program dependence graphs and program slicing to find isomorphic PDG subgraphs. These subgraphs can be represented as clones. This tool is capable of finding non-continuous clones, intertwined clones and clones in which different variable names are used and statements have been reordered. The approach has been applied for the procedural oriented programs and finds many variants of ideal clones. A number of test cases demonstrating the application of approach on large programs have been shown [4]. A. Surendran et. al. proposed a partial slicing approach as an effective method of program testing. Partial slices are formed from the combination of static slices and program points. In some cases static slices contains large number of program statements which are of little use in many practical applications. Partial slicing removes the disadvantage of large size of static slices. In their approach they use only static slices for the algorithm as static slices give all possible execution paths. As compared to original program there is a significant reduction in the number of statements in static slices using partial slicing. Using the constraints of partial slicing program testing is also simplified. This approach can also be used in debugging, maintenance and finding clones [10]. D. Liang et. al. presented system dependence graph for object-oriented software’s. They have shown that their approach is more precise than previous approaches and is more efficient to construct. It distinguishes data members that fit for different objects. It provides a way to represent data members that act as parameters and the effects of polymorphism on parameters and parameter bindings. It presents a concept of object slicing which helps in examine the statements in slice object by object. Object slicing is good technique for debugging and analysis of large scale programs. In their work an efficient mechanism is also provided to represent incomplete programs and to represent classes in class libraries [12]. T. Ishio et. al. proposed a program debugging tool. In their approach they proposed dynamic slicing to efficiently localize faults in procedural oriented and object oriented programs. Aspect-oriented programming is used for collecting dynamic information in program slicing calculation. The dynamic data dependence analysis aspect can be woven into various object-oriented programs without changes as the point cuts of the aspect in the approach is made in a generic form. With the help of dynamic program analysis module, a DC slice calculation system is developed. It improves maintainability and reusability of the module. The approach has also a restriction that it does not allow to analyze the local variables and local control structures. The benefits, usability and cost effectiveness of module show that it is a good tool for debugging [13]. B. Korel et. al. presents the concept of program slicing on the module level which helps in better understanding of program slices of large programs. In this paper on call graph level, execution level and module trace level several static and dynamic program slicing features are proposed. These features can also be used during software maintenance. The concept of static and dynamic program slicing is combined with different methods of visualization which helps in understanding the program. Experiment results show that it helps the process of understanding program [14]. V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This paper provides a technique for detecting code clones in object oriented programs. For this purpose, program slicing is used as the base methodology. The algorithm uses PDGs as the intermediate representations for the source program. The PDG is represented in the form of adjacency matrix. Partial slices are extracted from the adjacency matrix and those slices are matched for possible clones. Result shows that program slicing is an efficient way for understanding programs and finding non-contiguous clones and intertwined code clones. The approach uses the control and data dependencies to find out adjacency matrix representation for the PDG. The whole process is automated where the user has to interact only once to input the programs for finding clones. Future work involves taking into consideration all the object oriented paradigm. It includes the object oriented programming features such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. An efficient algorithm for matching partial slices is also to be developed. REFERENCES [1] Dhavleesh Rattan, Rajesh Bhatia, Maninder Singh, â€Å"Software clone detection: a systematic review,† Information and software technology, Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 1165-1199, 2013. [2] C. K. Roy, J.R. Cordy and R. Koschke, â€Å"Comparison and evaluation of code clone detection techniques and tools: A qualitative approach,† Science of computer programming, Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 470-495, 2009. [3] F. Tip, â€Å"A Survey of Program Slicing Techniques†, Journal of Programming Languages, 1995, vol. 3, no. 3,pp. 121-189. [4] R. Komondoor,S. Horwitz, Using Slicing to Identify Duplication in Source Code, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Static Analysis, 2001. [5] Yingzhou Zhang, Baowen Xu, Jose Emilio, Labra Gayo, A Formal Method for Program Slicing, Proceedings of the 2005 Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC’05) 1530-0803/05. [6] Jens Krinke, Advanced Slicing of Sequential and Concurrent Programs, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Software Mai1ntenance (ICSM’04) 1063-6773/04,2004. [7] Z. Guangquan, R. Mei, An Approach of Concurrent Object-oriented Program Slicing Base on LTL Property, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering,DOI 10.1109/CSSE.2008.1283. [8] M. Weiser, Program slicing, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 10(4):352–357, 1984. [9] Dhavleesh Rattan, Rajesh Bhatia, Maninder Singh, â€Å"Model clone detection based on tree comparison,† India conference (INDICON), IEEE, pp. 1041 – 1046, 2012 [10] A. Surendran, P. Samuel, Partial Slices in Program Testing,2012 IEEE 35th Software Engineering Workshop. [11] Yogita Sharma, Rajesh Bhatia, Raj Kumar Tekchandani, â€Å"Hybrid technique for object oriented software clone detection,† ME thesis submitted at Thapar University, Patiala, 2011 [12] D. Liang, M. Harrold, Slicing Objects Using System Dependence Graph, IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance,Washington, D.C., November 1998. [13] T. Ishio, S. Kusumoto,K. Inoue, Program Slicing Tool for Effective Software Evolution Using Aspect-Oriented Technique, Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, 2002 IEEE. [14] B. Korel, J. Rilling, Program Slicing in Understanding of Large Programs, Program Comprehension, 1998. IWPC 98. Proceedings., 6th International Workshop. [15] S. Khalsa, R. Bhatia,J. Chhabra, M. Singh, A Review of Coupling and Cohesion Measurement in OO Systems Using Program Slicing, ICISTM 2012, CCIS 285, pp.199-210,Springer, 2012.

Haleeb Foods Company Analysis

Haleeb Foods Company Analysis Haleeb foods limited, formerly known as Chaudhry dairies was formed in 1985. It is one of the fastest growing companies since its inception. The core product of the company has always been packaged milk but it currently operates in several other food product categories. It has continued to provide high quality products to its customers and is one of the first companies In Pakistan to use tetra packs innovative packaging technology. It is principally engaged in processing and sale of toned milk, milk powder, allied dairy products and fruit juices. (Haleeb Foods Intern Report, 2012) It was founded back in 1985 with a total capacity of 80000 liters per day and has two production plants. The main production facility is at Bhai Pheru, known as the BHP (Bhai Pheru Plant). Due to its tremendous success and a high demand for its products especially Haleeb Milk the company set up another plant at Rahim Yar khan. The RYK plant is a state of the art facility. Covering an area of over 72 acres the plant it equipped with the latest technology and was a very fine project that Haleeb Foods undertook. Liquid milk was the first product produced at the company and was a huge success. There were around 20 to 25 other dairy companies operating in Pakistan at that time but Haleeb as a company was still able to stand out of the clutter. It was an incredible team of over 700 employees at the BHP and an outstanding marketing team that contributed to this success. Haleeb foods has segmented its product portfolio into multiple brands including Haleeb, Candia and Tropico. Haleeb is the flagship brand of the company. Haleeb UHT milk is available in five SKUs of Tetra pack packaging. (Irfan, 2012) Due to its strong positioning of being the thickest milk best for tea and the highest top of mind awareness in the dairy industry of Pakistan the company has been able to increase its sales and has had a significant consumer and trade penetration of the brand. It is also available in Tetra Fino packaging under the brand of Dairy queen. By strictly following the quality control measures the company was also one of the first few companies in Pakistan to get ISO certified. This had a huge impact on the perceived quality of its customers and help boost sales in its early years. The company has also been a pioneer in introducing the tetra pack Fino packaging and introducing sterilized milk in the country. The company has diversified into multiple products and a vast product line over the years. The basic product line extension includes products like Haleeb Cream, Haleeb Butter, Haleeb Asli Desi Ghee, Daizy yoghurt, Candia, Just fruit, Tropico juice, Haleeb Labban, Haleeb Funday juice, Haleeb Good day etc. The company entered into a franchise agreement with Caddilac France and launched Candia milk in 1999. Candia was available in two variants i.e. Candia classic (a tea whitener) and Candia candy up (flavored milk) for kids. This was a successful venture before the company started to underperform. Today Haleeb Foods no longer produces Candia. The company has a vast distribution network covering a number of cities across Pakistan. This is one factor that contributed positively to its success and help the company build an ever growing consumer network. Initially Haleeb also started to export some of its products to countries like Korea, Hong Kong, Middle East, China, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, UK and U.S.A but due to its poor financial performance in the more recent years it could not continue this for long. The primary reason for its success was the huge emphasis the company laid on continually improving its quality and following very strict quality control measures. The quality certifications that Haleeb as a company has are as follows: HACCP (In process controls for safer products) ISO 9001(Better quality for higher customer satisfaction) ISO 14001(Environment friendly operations) The company was able to in cash these certifications for quite some time before the quality of its products stared to deteriorate and was questioned by the customers and its distributors. The company has its operations largely centralized at its head office which is located at 135 Ferozpur Road Lahore. Most of its departments are based at the head office for example finance, marketing, human resources, sales, administration and information technology. The remaining however are based at its Bhai Pheru Plant. Regional offices of the company are spread across the country in cities like Rawalpindi, Karachi, Peshawar, Quetta and Rahim Yar Khan. This facilitates its distribution and eventually sales. VISION: Optimizing resources to deliver sustainable growth3 MISSION STATEMENT: Productivity: Be a highly efficient effective organization People: Develop a team of passionate and committed individuals whose goals are completely aligned with the corporate objectives Portfolio: Maintain a portfolio designed to meet changing consumer expectations by delivering nutritious and high quality food solutions in a cost effective manner Profit: Maximize long term return to shareholders while being ethically responsible Partners: Develop sustainable and mutually beneficial relationships with customers, suppliers and other stakeholders Planet: Be a responsible corporate entity by helping build sustainable communities3 CORPORATE VALUES: Integrity and Ethics: For more than two decades, Haleeb Foods Ltd (HFL) has emerged as a company that believes in fair dealing, honesty and reliability. Members of Haleeb family are determined to observe and follow the utmost ethical standards required for any business to run smoothly. This is reflected in the daily functions, where all employees are facilitated with equal opportunities, barring any differentiation on the basis of gender, religion, cast, color and other variables. We are focused towards promoting the merit-based culture, assuming it to be a fundamental pillar for success. We take pride in how we conduct the business, while consistently emboldening everyone to do the right thing at all hours. (Haleeb Foods Ltd., 2012) Pursuit of Excellence: We at Haleeb Foods Ltd (HFL) are geared towards delivering exceptional performance consistently. We achieve this by maintaining a competitive spirit throughout, which helps us in elevating our business in terms of profitability, growth and accomplishing inspiring levels of success. Our primary focus is to serve our consumers with the best value for their money. Irrespective of the economic conditions, we do not hesitate in challenging boundaries and rather excel with hope. (Haleeb Foods Ltd., 2012) Empowerment and Accountability: Management at Haleeb Foods believes in providing employees with avenues through which sense of ownership is created and authority is delegated. This not only boosts the morale of an individual but also helps in contributing towards efficiency and productivity. Empowerment results in devolution of trust and establishment of a healthy working environment. Delegating responsibility does not abandon personal accountability. Thus, in order to enjoy an effective and desirable outcome, competent monitoring processes are practiced, where each employee takes responsibility for their respective decisions. (Haleeb Foods Ltd., 2012) Cooperative Spirit: Admitting the importance of teamwork, Haleeb Foods Ltd passionately promotes the culture of sharing knowledge and working collectively. The concept of working with coordination comes in handy for reaping benefits from pooled talent and expertise ultimately resulting in higher productivity. We provide a platform, where going an extra mile to accomplish team objectives is a common routine. Simultaneously, personal satisfaction amongst employees is achieved. To add further value to our work practices, experienced and capable counseling is provided that enables employees to work under a shared vision. (Haleeb Foods Ltd., 2012) Environment, Health and Safety: Haleeb Foods Ltd has successfully managed to align its goals with procedures that prioritize and comply with employee safety and health. Acknowledging the paramount significance and vitality of human capital for ensuring a successful business, the company arranges wellness programs sided by comprehensive safety literature to educate the employees about safe working environment. HFL facilitates employees with prompt first aid service and medical treatment, accompanied by periodical medical check-up, a trained team for fire-fighting, emergency exit drills, employee/workers locker management and laundry management. Last but not the least; Haleeb is privileged with ISO 9001-2008, 14001 and 2200 certifications. (Haleeb Foods Ltd., 2012) Corporate Social Responsibility: Haleeb Foods Ltd encourages its employees to contribute consistently and positively towards a better standard of life, not merely for its customers but also for the community. Not assuming profitability to be the only business objective, Haleeb foods has integrated its operations with activities that help giving back to the community. In order to be recognized as a socially active entity, Haleeb Foods has supported the project of MEDA Pakistan; Pathways and Purse strings. Besides empowering the less advantaged, Haleeb Foods Ltd is also cautious about being environment friendly, through strict obedience of waste reduction and numerous other practices. (Haleeb Foods Ltd., 2012) MANAGEMENT TEAM: Designation Name Chief Executive Officer Faisal Imran Hussain Malik Director Finance Basit Humayun Chairman Ilyas M Chaudhry Senior Manager Human Resource Salman Nawazish General Manager Sales Khurram Mehr Malik Brand Manager Naveed Ali Shigri General Manager Plant Farooq Ayub Khan Manager RD Rao Muhammad Imran Manager Warehouse Logistics Muhammad Ali Shahid Head of Supply Chain Rizwan Ahmad Head of Technical Haseeb Ahmed Malik COMPETITORS: Pakistans FMCG sector is largely dominated by the two big giants namely Nestle and Engro Foods. Both are huge firms with a large customer base and operating very successfully in different products categories. Haleeb Foods has faced immense competition from these firms. Nestle and Engro are both highly profitable with Nestle, a multinational company being the market leader with a very diverse product portfolio. Products like Milk pack, Olpers and Good milk have posed a serious threat to Haleeb milk. Currently however, considering the economic and political conditions of the country no firm is performing at its full potential. High inflation rates, rising oil prices, power shortages have all contributed to the closing down of many ventures. The competitors are also having a difficulty in surviving in this tough environment. By focusing on making its processes and policies Haleeb can improve its competitive position and rise again. It has to have a strong product portfolio and a very constructed marketing plan to regain its lost fame and success. PRODUCT CATEGORIES: Haleeb as a company has always placed its customers first. In an attempt to fulfill the ever changing needs and meet the increasing demands of its customers the company has diversified its product portfolio gradually over the years. Many products like Candia milk and Skimz milk that were present in the market before are no longer available and have been replaced by new products. The company has upgraded many of its recipes and re-launched a couple of products in an attempt to better meet the needs of its target market. Some of the latest product categories at Haleeb are: UHT Milk: Haleeb was the first company that introduced UHT milk in Pakistan. The UHT milk category currently includes Haleeb milk only. Haleeb Milk is homogenized and standardized milk which is safely packaged using the Tetra packs latest packaging technology. It has a shelf life of about 3 months or more and is one of the most famous and best selling brands in the Haleeb family. It is produced on different SKUs like the Haleeb 250ml, Haleeb 500ml and so on. Skimz was another product in the UHT milk category which was mainly targeting the diet conscious people has now been removed from the portfolio as a result of the financial issues faced at the company. It was positioned primarily as a perfect source of calcium and vitamins for stronger bones and healthier individuals. In addition to its high calcium content, Skimz was also good for maintaining an individuals blood pressure. Beverages: Several products are produced at the Haleeb production plant as part of the beverage category. Some well-known beverages include Just fruit, Fun milk, Tropico and Haleeb doodh. Just fruit, as the name suggests is a fruity drink produced using farm fresh fruits. It is available in a wide variety of flavors including Apple, Orange, Mango and Grapes. It is a ready to drink beverage available in a small 200ml pack. Fun milk was primarily targeted at the kids. It has always been believed that children should have a high intake of milk as it is good for their health. It makes their bones strong providing them with the necessary calcium content but unfortunately not many kids really like drinking milk. This was the basic idea behind the launch of this product. It offered several variants including chocolate, strawberry and vanilla. Again it was available in a 200ml pack. Haleeb doodh was again flavored milk available in chocolate, strawberry, almond and cardamom flavors. The primary difference in Haleeb doodh and fun milk was the packaging. Haleeb doodh was targeted at the adults where as fun milk was positioned as milk for only kids. Tropico, in addition to being available in a 200ml pack is also available in a 1000ml family pack. It is positioned as pure juice nectar available in Mango, Orange and Apple flavors. Chilled Dairy: The chilled dairy segment is has products under a common brand name DAIZY. It includes Daizy yogurt, butter, cheese and raita. Daizy yogurt is a naturally sweetened yogurt packaged carefully to preserve its natural goodness. It is considered good for enhancing the immune system and for the digestive system. Daizy yogurt is available in 200gm and 400gm shrink wrapped trays. Daizy butter is another very healthy dairy product produced at the Haleeb factory. Butter is made of pure natural fats and has a high content of vitamin A and D. It is made on different tetra pack SKUs and is thus available in five sizes ranging from 20g to 1000gm. Daizy cheese is a milk based product. It gives your pizzas sandwiches etc a much better taste and is one of the best selling products at Haleeb. It is made in 2kg packs, 1kg pack and 200gm pack. Each pack contains a fixed number of wrapped cheese slices. Daizy raita is a variation in the traditional yogurt. Keeping in mind the Pakistani culture the company came up with this product a few years ago. Pakistani people love to have raita with a lot of these meals so it Daizy raita serves as a readymade raita enhances every food moment and makes their food taste delicious. Fats: A number of products with a high fat content are also produced at Haleeb. Fat is a bi product of processed milk and the company utilizes it to the fullest. Two main fat based products that complement the overall portfolio are Asli desi ghee and Haleeb cream. Haleeb Asli Desi Ghee is made of pure natural butter. The butter is processed further by heating it and the result is incredible. It is again targeting the Pakistani market and a large target audience as is considered very healthy and nourishing. Also the product has a shelf life of 1 year which facilitates its distribution and contributes positively to its sale. It is available in three sizes namely 2kg, 5kg and 16kg. Haleeb cream is one product produced at the Haleeb plant which contributing to its overall profitability even today. The research and development department has worked really hard to make the cream competitive and do well in the market. The product is positioned as healthy, nutritious product that has a smooth texture and tastes delicious. It is available in 200ml pack and has a shelf life of 6 months. Whitener: Tea whiteners are increasingly being used around the globe as a substitute to fresh milk. Tea max is considered one of the best in this category. Haleeb tea max is a product that is primarily targeting SEC C and has done very well in the market. It has generated enormous sales volumes for the company and is considered the best in its category. It is available in 200ml and 250ml packs. It has a shelf life of three months. Dairy queen is also targeted at the lower class of the society. It is a relatively cheaper product and is packed in pouches to reduce the cost and price further. It is a standardized, homogenized product with 3.5% fat and 8.5% non fat content. It is available in a 6 layered Tetra pack fino packaging and has a shelf life of 3 months. MANUFACTURING PROCESS AT HALEEB Haleeb Foods Limited has its own manufacturing and production facilities as mentioned above. The current operational plant at Bhai Pheru is highly efficient. It is generally perceived that packaged milk is unhealthy and not good for use however Haleeb ensures consistent and good quality products by having an efficient manufacturing process. The process for making Haleeb milk is as follows: Collection of raw milk Testing Pasteurization Standardization Homogenization Sterilization Ultra heat treatment (UHT) Packing It is only after following all these steps that Haleeb milk is made available to the end users. The company has a number of milk collection centers where raw milk is delivered by gawalas, small scale farmers and some milk providing companies. This milk is tested for its acceptance at the milk collection centers. There are 14 tests that are conducted to ensure good quality at this level. Once the milk is collected, company owned trucks collect this milk from different centers and bring it to the BHP. Here the milk is again tested and then pasteurized, standardized and homogenized before finally being packed using Tetra pack Fino machines. CURRENT SCENARIO AT HALEEB FOODS LTD Haleeb started off as a very successful business venture but unfortunately could not sustain its high profitability and success. Companys profitability started to decline over the years along with the quality of its products. The Rahim Yar Khan project had a huge impact on the companys financial position and although it is a state of the art facility, its still not operational today. Haleeb rents out its tetra pack section at RYK to Nestle during the high demand season. Due to the poor management of resources and not very well managed decisions the company has incurred huge losses for the last few years. In Nov 2011 Haleeb foods ltd was acquired by a large giant in the market namely Mega and Forbes. They appointed a new chief executive officer, Mr. Faisal Imran Hussain Malik who is a highly qualified and a very competent person. Since November 2011 Haleeb is in the process of restructuring. The company which once had over 750 employees currently has cut it down to only 450 employees. A lot of firing and termination of incompetent people (in the managements view) took place. The company is highly unstable since then but is gradually moving towards stability. The new management has a very unique and a different management style from what the employees at Haleeb were used to. This is one reason that led to a highly demotivated workforce at the company. The employees and the top management are having issues in adjusting with each. The large number of terminations has created high levels of job insecurity, employees no longer feel that they belong to the organization and on the other hand the management is highly dissatisfied by the performance they deliver at work. Employees who are competent and have hands on experience in various fields are resigning, thus fueling the workforce problem. As a result of this, management has started to hire new employees at a very fast pace. Management trainee programs are formally introduced into the company in an attempt to inject new blood into the organization. Instead of making things better this new hiring is worsening the situation. Older employees show resistance towards the newer ones while the management is training them and investing huge sums of money in their development. The element of job insecurity is also worsening. Poor human resource management and a highly de-motivated workforce are having serious implications on the companys performance. Although Haleeb is recovering from its losses but most of its products are failing in the market. a lot brands have shut down, retailers are not really interested in stocking its products, customers perceive the quality of its products to have deteriorated and so on. If all this continues the Company would definitely going to go down the drain in the near future. It now has to be thought that what can make the situation better? A better workforce? What does it take to have a more competent workforce? What could make the workforce at Haleeb really motivated at this point in time? This is the question that I am going to address in my research project. Competitors Analysis Pakistan has a well developed Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector that contributes a significant amount to the overall economy. Haleeb Foods is a well known FMCG in the country. The company is currently facing intense competition from the other FMCG companies operating in the country like Nestle, Engro Foods Ltd., Shezan and Nurpur etc. In order to successfully compete in the market and regain its lost market share the company should carefully analyze its competitive activities. Nestle Pakistan: Nestle Pakistan is one of the leading companies in the country. It is also a very well reputed company with its operations spread all across the world and has employed over 250,000 people across the globe. The success of the company can also be attributed to the competent and hard working work force comprising of people from different backgrounds, race, nationality etc. nestle has managed to successfully operate worldwide by having a well defined economic model and a vast customer base over the years. The company has certain strengths and weaknesses which are discussed below as part of the SWOT analysis: Strengths: Strong product portfolio. Consistently good quality products. Excellent company image. Well developed marketing strategies and campaigns. Highest market share in the country. Weaknesses: Weak distribution channel. Use of reactive rather than proactive marketing approaches. Excessive focus on profitability. Opportunities: An ever growing market for health conscious consumers. Develop a well managed distribution system. Growing market for bottled water as the infrastructure in Pakistan further deteriorates. Can cater the rural areas and further expand their markets. Threats: Changing consumer trends and demands. Ever intensifying competition. Government regulations in the form of taxes that lead the company to raise prices. High inflation rate in the country. Very few entry barriers further intensifying competition. Engro Foods Ltd Engro Foods is another fats growing company in the fast moving consumer goods sector of the country. The company operates in several areas across Pakistan and has a diversified portfolio. It is a direct competitor to Haleeb Foods ltd. Some of the strengths weaknesses of the company are explained in the SWOT analysis below: Strengths: Strong brand name Large customer base Continuous research development Fully automated third generation plant Good relationships with farmers Weaknesses: High distribution costs Weak product portfolio Improper capacity utilization Lack of ISO certification Haleeb Foods Ltd Haleeb as mentioned above was one of the biggest dairy companies in the country but unfortunately could not keep pace with the changing market environment. The company has lost its market share to its close competitors like Nestle and Engro foods. Strengths: Best dairy company Thickest milk Wide customer base Innovative tetra pack packaging Weaknesses: Declining market share Lack of focus Weak employee base Weak distribution channels Opportunities: Growing market for packaged milk and milk products More competent workforce Developing distribution channels Covering untapped market areas Utilizing capacity at the Rahim Yar Khan plant Threats: Intensifying competition Changing market trends High inflation rate in the country Changing economic conditions Financial Analysis Ratio analysis for Nestle Pakistan is given in computed in the table above. Nestle is a well reputed and a well performing FMCG company in Pakistan. It is the market leader and has highest market share in the industry. The companys overall financial performance is satisfactory and compared to Engro it is much superior. As we infer from its profitability ratios that the company is profitable. Its gross margin, net profit margin and the operating profit margin have shown a slight decline from 2009-2010. But is ROA has increase to 11.02% in 2010 and ROE increased to 16.7%.Which is a good indicator of the companys health. It shows that the companys assets are paying off well. When compared to Engro it is can be seen that the gross profit margin ratio is higher (23.27%) as compared to the ICIs 19.1% in 2010. The net profit margin for Engro however is -3.4% as compared to the ICIs + 6.9%. This shows that Engro has high operating expenses like the administrative expense etc. in this regard Nestle performance is superior. The comparison of the liquidity ratios, more precisely the current ratios show that Nestle has a ratio of 2.17 whereas Engro has a ratio of 0.9. Nestle is in a better position in terms of it liquidity. The liquidity implications for the firm were positive as shown by the increase in the working capital from 82.19 million in 2009 to RS 320.6 million in The inventory turnover ratio shows that Nestle has an inventory turnover almost double the amount of Engros. Engros inventory turnover is 3.39 whereas for Nestle has an inventory turnover of 6.67. The higher the inventory turnover the better it is for the company, so Nestle is better off. From the efficiency ratios at Nestle, we can infer that Nestle, Engro and all other companies in the industry are facing problems. The hiking oil prices and gas and energy crisis are all increasing the companys expenses. Haleeb Foods Where Nestle is the market leader, Haleeb was established in 1986 and its first product was Haleeb milk. Since then, it has continued to provide quality products to its consumers with product and packaging innovations. The overall analysis of the firms financial statements shows that the company is not doing well. Compared to the industry leaders like Nestle and Engro, Haleeb is not that large a company. A deeper look into the company shows that its profitability has decreased from 2009-2011. Its net profit margin has reduced to 4.83% in 2011 from 7.19% in 2009. Although it is not a good indicator for the company, it still higher than the Engros -1.9%. This shows that compared to the industry averages Engro is doing poor in terms of its profitability. In terms of the gross profit margins Engro has superior results compared to both Nestle and Haleeb. From this we could conclude that the cost of goods Engros liquidity position is weak as compared to its competitors. Its current ratio of 0.9 in 2010 is even lower than the Haleebs 1.1. Turnover ratios on the other hand shows that Engro is doing better than the Haleeb foods, it has a higher inventory turnover of 3.3 is higher than the Haleebs 2.8 in 2010. This shows that Engro is selling off its inventory faster as compared to Haleeb foods. Overall, from the above analysis we can conclude that Engro is better than the competitors in terms of its activity ratios. It is effectively managing its turnover whereas the ultimate measure of a companys success, the profitability ratios reveal that Haleeb is doing poor. It seriously needs to improve its profitability in the coming years. Engro The overall profitability of the company is decreasing its return on shareholders equity is also showing a negative trend of -17.19% in 2011 and so is the return on common equity.. This decrease is mainly due to the increase in the companys expenses primarily its administrative expenses and the taxes. The cost of goods manufactured, have also increased for Engro. Looking at Engros gross profit margins over the last three years we can conclude that the companys gross profit was stable at around 23% in the financial years 2009 and 2010. However ion 2011, due to a rise in expenses the companys gross profit has slightly decreased to 20.8%. Engros gross profit is showing a fluctuating trend. It was around 2.8% in 2009 then rose to 5.1% in 2010 and then again fell to 4.1% in 2011. These changing trends and fluctuations can be attributed to the changing market environments and the highly variable national and global economic trends. Engros net profitability ratios show a large amount of uncertainty as it was 0.7% in 2009, and then fell further to negative 3.4% in 2010. However, in 2011 it can be seen that although the companys net profit margin is negative it is still showing a positive trend towards betterment. Return on asset ratio is ratio is showing a declining trend which is not a healthy sign. Current ratio shows the relationship between the current assets and the current liabilities of the company over the last s increase in assets is accompanied by an increase in the liabilities. This is why the current ratio for Engro did not improve. It has been stable around 0.9% over the last few years. Quick ratio at Engro is showing a slow increasing trend which enables us to conclude that the current assets of the company is increasing. For Engro, their debt to equity ratio decreased tremendously to almost o% in 2010 but unfortunately the company could not maintain it and it rose to 6.3% in 2011. Engro should effectively manage its debt to equity ratio as an increasing trend in this ratio is not a very good sign of the health of the company. It shows that the company is focusing more on debt financing as opposed to equity financing and this will affect the companys image in the eyes of the shareholders. Engros debt to assets ratio has been increasing for the last three years with s significant increase from 0

Contrasting Poets Lawrence And Shapiro In Their Views Of Nature :: essays research papers fc

Contrasting Poets Lawrence and Shapiro in Their Views of Nature Throughout the history of literature, poetic views of nature has evolved through time. One of the most differing eras is the twentieth century. With it's non-classical views, the twentieth century is one of the most influential eras. While the Victorian era practiced traditional values, the twentieth century influences techniques of love and the loss of the beauty in nature. Poets of the same century have multiple views, many differing. Two major twentieth century poets are D.H. Lawrence and Karl Shapiro. D.H. Lawrence loves and is in touch with nature, while Karl Shapiro cares more of war and satires of government, not giving much thought to nature. Even though both poets share and differ in views, both are twentieth century poets. The twentieth century lasted from 1900-1939. It began at the dawn of the new century and in England, is set by the death of Queen Victoria. Reading attracted a large audience because of the tremendous growth in education opportunities (Granner, 616). One major downfall and factor of the twentieth century was World War I. This was had pulled up new roots that were "buried in the past," causing multiple conflicts between nations (Granner, 611). The war reflects the bitterness and troubles put on twentieth century poetry. The poets wrote of science fiction, anti-war protagonists, and ridicule of authority. Leading poets in the twentieth century are D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, Dylan Thomas, and H.G. Wells. D.H. Lawrence views on nature are more humanistic, rather than natural. He loves individuality and "inner self" (Magill, 1686). His writing were pure because of his adolescent puritan environment (Becker, 5). D.H. Lawrence, although in the twentieth century, is a die-hard romantic (Albright, 1). To Lawrence, nature was an item of beauty and creativity. He respects nature. In Lawrence's poem, "The Sea," he humanizes the sea. He states that the sea is "celebate and single," referring to a person. He treats this part of nature as if it is a real person. He does his with great passion showing his love for nature. He goes further stating, "Sea only you are free, sophisticated." Here again one views the humanistic views upon nature. Nature to Lawrence is an individual, trying to survive in this world of chaos. He refers to the sea as being a perfect individual. Throughout this poem, Lawrence constantly refers to nature as humanistic, much unlike most twentieth century poetry. He has the passion and love that most poets of that century do not. Karl Shapiro is another leading poet amongst the twentieth century.

How Genes and the Environment Operate to Influence Child Development Es

How Genes and the Environment Operate to Influence Child Development This essay will look firstly at the ideas that have prevailed throughout history, in relation to genes interacting with the environment, and the human developmental implications of this relationship. It will briefly outline the theory of Heritability, Evolution, Genetic Determination, Epigenesis, Developmental Plasticity and a ‘transactional’ model of development. Secondly the theories of Genetic determination, Epigenesis and Developmental Plasticity will be compared. Physical and psychological characteristics of child development will illuminate the differing viewpoints held by these traditions. Anatomical development, temperament and language will be used as illustrators. Since the sixteen hundreds scholars interested in the origins of human formation; believed that humans had not changed since the creation of Adam. In essence what was needed to create a human was there at the point of conception, it just got bigger [Hartsoeker, 1694 cited in Richardson, 1994 p51]. That all humans go through ‘an unfolding’ process during development, which is all part of a ‘natural plan’ this was referred to as ‘Preformationism’. These ‘innate’ processes or ‘stages’ were referred to as ‘maturation’ and this has developed from the philosophical position of ‘Rationalism’. This position remained until the eighteen hundreds when biological developments challenged this position. Gregory Mendal, [1865] showed that a plant’s single characteristic such as colour could be ‘inherited’ or altered though cross-hybridisation. That plants possessed individual traits ‘genes’ that could be altered and passed on to descendents. It wasn’t until DeVrise, Corrnens and Tschermak work in the twentieth centaury [cited in Sturtevant, 1965 and Weinsten, 1977] showed that single gene inheritance etc was responsible for evolutionary characteristics in humans, an example of single gene effects can be shown in the case of PKU [Phenylketonuria] which left untreated (not stopping Children with the mutated gene eating phenylalanine in their diet) would cause retarded intellectual development. [Plomin, DeFries, and McClern, 1990, cited in Richards, 1994 p214]. It appears that Mendel's accomplishments on the laws of ‘inheritance’ were surpassed by the attention that was being given to the questions concerning the mechanism of evo... ...tes, J. [1994] ‘Infant Individuality’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p191. Thelen, E. [1992] 'Self-organisation in developmental processes: can a systems approach work?' in Johnson, M. H. (ed.) Brain Development and Cognition, Oxford, Blackwell. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Evolution and Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p.69. Toulmin, S. [1971] 'Brain language: a commentary', Synthese, 22, pp. 369-95. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Interactions in Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University pp.221. Torrez, T. W. [1971] Morphogenesis of the Vertebrates, New York, Wiley. Cited in Richardson, K. [1994] ‘Evolution and Development’, in Oates, J (ed.) The foundations of development, Oxford, Blackwell/ The Open University p.62. Weinstein, A.[1977] How Unknown Was Mendel's Paper? Journal of the History of Biology 10, 341-364. Weismann, A. 1885 [1889]. Continuity of the Germ Plasm. In Essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems, ed. E. Poulton et al. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Fun with Education Essay

In a general sense, ‘education’ means a form of learning process in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training and research. Accordingly, education aims at the physical, intellectual, spiritual and moral development of man. Education merely does not give knowledge to a human being and enabling him to earn his livelihood. But it does much more than this. Nowadays, what we can see the society as a future teacher is the students do not have an interest in learning by the way of ‘chalk and talk’ anymore. They prefer something new from the teachers which are more interesting and fun. One of the most effective ways is including games in teaching and learning process. Education can be fun through games. As a sports teacher, we can build our student’s potential. Games are a mean of keeping the body healthy and fit. Indeed, good health is the first condition of happiness in life so those who play games generally maintain good health. For example, sports teacher can create interesting games that can help students in building up their critical thinking skills besides physical strength. They can learn different types of skills such as throwing, passing, and kicking in sports like basketball, football and others. On top of that, education can also include songs which are forms of entertainment. In this way, we can make our class more interesting and students will be entertained. From the song lyrics, we can polish our student’s language and vocabulary besides making learning more fun. They can also learn to express their emotions through songs as songs can be a good cure for stress. Furthermore, education can be fun through role playing. We can involve our students act out a drama which may help to improve their acting skills and self confidence. Indirectly, they will be able to express their thoughts through role-play in a form of voice projection, facial expression and also body language. Apart from that, they can strengthen their memorizing skills too. This is because they need to memorize their scripts. As we know, the world we are living today is technology dominated and everything can be done fast and furious. For examples, cell phones, instant coffee machine, one hour-photo shops and internet can help us to complete our task in a short time. In short, technology makes the world moves faster than the past. But, education does not have any shortcut for us to reach the destination. We must learn step by step. Practice makes perfect. So, we take time to achieve our goals in the field of education. In a nutshell, we can make education fun in many ways such as games and songs. Thus, we can make our classroom full of joy and students will not feel bored while learning from the teachers. Besides, students will be able to think out of the box. With this, the goals of ‘fun in education’ could be achieved.

Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy

With the changing state of the society, the concepts of Mcdonaldization and bureaucracy continue to become fundamental. The question of the rationality in their application within the organizations however remains a point of debate. Bureaucracy can be defined as the structural concept and the nature of regulations which are put to provide a control measure into the activities of organization or even the government structures. Their basic comes inform of standard procedure, various structures in the formulating or undertaking responsibilities, the nature of hierarchies within such of organization above the set of the personal relationship within such organizations. This is a sociological concept that seeks to define the inputs of the administration within these organizations in executing their roles and the impacts of enforcing the various rules. An authentic definition of bureaucracy is however to take the form of four structures. These are labor division by the administration, an adequate system of personnel, a layout of organization hierarchy and the network system connecting the organization activities Mcdonaldization is a work defining formula whose root schedule lies in three principles. Control, uniformity and efficiency. Across the globe, the two concepts are however deeply used in organization. In the context of their application, a rational sociologist is left to wonder the logics behind their rationality. At one place, we can argue of the positive implication in the application of the two principles. On the other hand, we can argue of the same as compromising humanity. Due to the diversity in the understanding of these principles, the argumentation in this paper will be basically limited to the benefits of their structures. At the work place is a set of activities, structures, processes and personnel’s for performing different activities. A solid subject of these entire variables brings up the organizational behaviour. Consequently, the aspect of organizational behaviour plays an intrinsic role in formulating the nature of achievement of the organizations goals. For an adequate functional therapy of the workers in performance of their roles, the management should formulate some specific motivational parameters. However, motivation is synonymous to the nature of management. Through adequate tool of management, the employees are subject to motivation. However, poor management structure is harmful to the good of the organization’s workers. (Peters, 2001, p. 79) The above two concepts provide a package of motivational incentives to the workers. From one point of the argument, they can be described as benchmarks for a promoted interpersonal relationship between the workers.   Upright organizational behaviour is the chief contributor towards the success of the organization. Their provision gives an incentive into the interpersonal phenomena between the workers. For both of them, their applications provide efficiency in the workers performance of their activities. Efficiency is the most fundamental basics for ensuring optimality and economical application into the organizations activity.   With optimal characteristics, the organization gets its activities done in the most economical manner in the lowest cost level to yield the greatest benefits. Efficiency safeguards the organizations process into threats of poor performance. With this virtue, the aim of achieving the organizations goals and objectives is never ridiculous but falls within frontiers of success. In its nature, it will involve the perpetuation of the variable of control. The diversity of the organizations activities requires an outlay of control. Control is where the activities and process are subject to be monitored so that their execution compliments the basic laid down requirements and within the framework of the institution structures. The exercise of the concepts provided a solid impression for promoting control in the activities and process within the organizations. With the positive organizational behaviour, the structures within the organization are safeguarded. Every activity by the workers gives an impression of a  Ã‚   positive interpersonal-hood, cohesiveness and harmony between them and the structures. In exercise of the control principle within the organization, the two methods of managerial leadership help to ensure the control/monitor the interpersonal differences that may exist between the different persons. Sound organizational behaviour is important for every aspect of communication. As a rule, communication plays a remarkably important role in the performance of the organizations activities. In the nature of the transactional outlay involved at the work place, a passive or active system of communication should never be compromised. (Peters, 2001, p. 84) With the controlled nature into the activities of the organization, this is the foremost launching pad for its success in terms of achieving its goals and objectives. Consequently McDonaldization and bureaucracy show the nature of the organizational leadership parameters. Since the organization is endowned by a subject of goals and objectives with the aspects of minimal resource packages, a good model of leadership is basic for providing their achievement. As the model of such leadership continues in been intensified, the characteristic hood of the above two forms logical framework for the involved success into the organization. Both the two systems are methods providing a support for some positive regard to the organization structure.   They stress on solid methods that provide a support for an adequate system of governance. They both provide a basic imagery into the guiding factors that seek to enhance a structural framework in the association and relationship between person, activities and processes. This is the first attribute towards providing understanding and agreement between such organizational blocks before minimizing conflict. The essence and subject of conflict can be said to be the biggest threat and enemy to the  Ã‚   organization. This is however a subject result of the conflict theory which acts to provide an interactive manner between the persons and structures in the organization. With the various roles and diversity in the activities and elements in the organization, the above two principle comes as a remedy to the possible consequences of conflict. Though a well-structured system of activity by the parties into this organization, conflict is evaluated and done with. This is an important tool towards achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. As a conclusion therefore, the concepts of bureaucracy and MacDonaldization comes as a remedy into the weaknesses of an organization. Through the application of these concepts, the organization character/nature is brought out as radically of a positive image into the success factor. At one level, the concepts seek to provide harmony and cohesiveness into the different persons within the organization, with an adequate layout of the process, roles and activities, and the persons to perform them, the internal environment is given an impression of promoted activity. Either, they aim at providing an adequate support into the optimal allocation of resources. This is through the adequate and planned nature of the organization. Both of the concepts are important in providing a solid support into the organizational activity. Work cited Peter, B. The politics of Bureaucracy, London: Routledge, 2001